What Is the Middle Passage

The â€Å"Middle Passage† refers to the horrific journey of enslaved Africans from their home continent to the Americas during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. Historians believe 15% of all Africans loaded onto slave ships did not survive the Middle Passage—most died of illness due to the inhumane, unsanitary conditions in which they were transported.   Key Takeaways: The Middle Passage The Middle Passage was the second leg of the triangular slave trade that went from Europe to Africa, Africa to the Americas, and then back to Europe. Millions of Africans were packed tightly onto ships bound for the Americas.Roughly 15% of enslaved people didnt survive the Middle Passage. Their bodies were thrown overboard.The most concentrated period of the triangular trade was between 1700 and 1808, when around two-thirds of the total number of enslaved people embarked on the Middle Passage. Broad Overview of the Middle Passage Between the 16th and 19th centuries, 12.4 million Africans were enslaved by Europeans and transported to various countries in the Americas. The Middle Passage was the middle stop of the triangular trade: European slavers would first sail to the western coast of Africa to trade a variety of goods for people who had been captured in war, kidnapped, or sentenced to enslavement as punishment for a crime; they would then transport enslaved people to the Americas and sell them in order to purchase sugar, rum, and other products; the third leg of the journey was back to Europe. Some historians believe that an additional 15% of the 12.4 million died before even boarding the slave ships, as they were marched in chains from the point of capture to the western coasts of Africa. Approximately 1.8 million enslaved Africans, never made it to their destination in the Americas, mostly because of the unsanitary conditions in which they were housed during the months-long journey. Around 40% of the total enslaved population went to Brazil, with 35% going to non-Spanish colonies, and 20% going directly to Spanish colonies. Less than 5%, around 400,000 enslaved people, went directly to North America; most U.S. slaves passed first through the Caribbean. All the European powers—Portugal, Spain, England, France, the Netherlands, and even Germany, Sweden and Denmark—participated in the slave trade. Portugal was the largest transporter of all, but Britain was dominant in the 18th century. The most concentrated period of the triangular trade was between 1700 and 1808, when around two-thirds of the total number of enslaved people were transported to the Americas. Over 40% were transported in British and American ships from six regions: Senegambia, Sierra Leone/the Windward Coast, the Gold Coast, the Bight of Benin, the Bight of Biafra, and West Central Africa (Kongo, Angola). These slaves were taken primarily to British Caribbean colonies where over 70% of all slaves were purchased (over half in Jamaica), but some also went to the Spanish and French Caribbean. The Transatlantic Journey Each ship carried several hundred people, about 15% of whom died during the journey. Their bodies were thrown overboard and often eaten by sharks. Slaves were fed twice a day and expected to exercise, often forced to dance while in shackles (and usually shackled to another person), in order to arrive in good condition for sale. They were kept in the hold of the ship for 16 hours a day and brought above deck for 8 hours, weather permitting. Doctors checked their health regularly to make sure they could command high prices once they were sold on the auction blocks in the Americas. Conditions onboard were also bad for the poorly paid crew members, most of whom were working to pay off debts. Although they inflicted violence upon slaves, they in turn were treated cruelly by the captains and subject to whipping. The crew was tasked with cooking, cleaning, and guarding the slaves, including preventing them from jumping overboard. They, like the slaves, were subject to dysentery, the leading cause of death on slave ships, but they were also exposed to new diseases in Africa, like malaria and yellow fever. The mortality rate among sailors during some periods of the slave trade was even higher than that of slaves, over 21%. Slave Resistance There is evidence that up to 10% of slave ships experienced violent resistance or insurrections by enslaved people. Many committed suicide by jumping overboard and others went on hunger strikes. Those who rebelled were punished cruelly, subjected to forced eating or whipped publicly (to set an example for others) with a cat-o-nine-tails (a whip of nine knotted cords attached to a handle). The captain had to be careful about using excessive violence, however, as it had the potential to provoke larger insurrections or more suicides, and because merchants in the Americas wanted them to arrive in good condition. Impact and End of the Middle Passage Enslaved people came from many different ethnic groups and spoke diverse languages. However, once they were shackled together on the slave ships and arrived in the American ports, they were given English (or Spanish or French) names. Their distinct ethnic identities (Igbo, Kongo, Wolof, Dahomey) were erased, as they were transformed into simply black or enslaved people. In the late 18th century, British abolitionists began inspecting slave ships and publicizing details of the Middle Passage in order to alert the public to the horrific conditions of the slave ships and gain support for their cause. In 1807 both Britain and the U.S. outlawed the slave trade (but not slavery), but Africans continued to be imported to Brazil until that country outlawed the trade in 1831 and the Spanish continued importing African slaves to Cuba until 1867. The Middle Passage has been referenced and reimagined in dozens of works of African American literature and film, most recently in 2018 in the third highest grossing movie of all time, Black Panther. Sources Rediker, Marcus.  The Slave Ship: A Human History. New York: Penguin Books, 2007.Miller, Joseph C. The Transatlantic Slave Trade.  Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 2018, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Transatlantic_Slave_Trade_TheWolfe, Brendan. Slave Ships and the Middle Passage.  Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 2018, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/slave_ships_and_the_middle_passage

Extinct Political Parties of the 1800s

The two major political parties of modern America can both trace their origins back to the 19th century. The longevity of the Democrats and Republicans appears quite remarkable when we consider that other parties existed alongside them in the 19th century before fading into history. The extinct political parties of the 1800s include organizations which were successful enough to put candidates in the White House. There were also others that were just doomed to inevitable obscurity. Some of them live on in political lore as oddities, or fads which are difficult to understand today. Yet many thousands of voters did take them seriously and they enjoyed a legitimate moment of glory before disappearing. Here is a listing of some significant political parties which  are no longer with us, in roughly chronological order: Federalist Party The Federalist Party is considered the first American political party. It advocated a strong national government, and prominent Federalists included John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. The Federalists did not build a sustaining party apparatus, and the partys defeat, when John Adams ran for a second term in the election of 1800, led to its decline. It essentially ceased to be a national party after 1816. The Federalists came under considerable criticism as they tended to oppose the War of 1812. Federalist involvement with the 1814  Hartford Convention, in which delegates suggested splitting New England states from the United States, essentially finished the party. (Jeffersonian) Republican Party The Jeffersonian Republican Party, which, of course, supported Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1800, was formed in opposition to the Federalists. The Jeffersonians tended to be more egalitarian than the Federalists. Following Jeffersons two terms in office, James Madison won the presidency on the Republican ticket in 1808 and 1812, followed by James Monroe in 1816 and 1820. The Jeffersonian Republican Party then faded away. The party was not a forerunner of the present day Republican Party. At times it was even called a name which seems contradictory today, the Democratic-Republican Party. National Republican Party The National Republican Party supported John Quincy Adams in his unsuccessful bid for reelection in 1828 (there had been no party designations in the election of 1824). The party also supported Henry Clay in 1832. The general theme of the National Republican Party was opposition to Andrew Jackson and his policies. The National Republicans generally joined the Whig Party in 1834. The National Republican Party was not a forerunner of the Republican Party, which formed in the mid-1850s. Incidentally, during the years of the John Quincy Adams administration, an adept political strategist from New York, future president Martin Van Buren, was organizing an opposition party. The party structure Van Buren created with the intent of making a coalition to elect Andrew Jackson in 1828 became the forerunner of todays Democratic Party. Anti-Masonic Party The Anti-Masonic Party formed in upstate New York in the late 1820s, following the mysterious death of a member of the Masonic order, William Morgan. It was believed that Morgan was killed before he could reveal secrets about the masons and their suspected influence in American politics. The party, while seemingly based on conspiracy theory, gained adherents. The Anti-Masonic Party actually held the first national political convention in America. Its convention in 1831 nominated William Wirt as its presidential candidate in 1832. Wirt was an odd choice, having once been a mason. While his candidacy was not successful, he did carry one state, Vermont, in the electoral college. Part of the appeal of the Anti-Masonic Party was its fiery opposition to Andrew Jackson, who happened to be a mason. The Anti-Masonic Party faded into obscurity by 1836 and its members drifted into the Whig Party, which also opposed the policies of Andrew Jackson. Whig Party The Whig Party was formed to oppose Andrew Jacksons policies and came together in 1834. The party took its name from a British political party which had opposed the king, as the American Whigs said they were opposing King Andrew. The Whig candidate in 1836, William Henry Harrison, lost to the Democrat Martin Van Buren. But Harrison, with his log cabin and hard cider campaign of 1840, won the presidency (though he would only serve for a month). The Whigs remained a major party throughout the 1840s, winning the White House again with Zachary Taylor in 1848. But the party splintered, mainly over the issue of slavery. Some Whigs joined the Know-Nothing Party, and others, most notably Abraham Lincoln, joined the new Republican party in the 1850s. Liberty Party The Liberty Party was organized in 1839 by anti-slavery activists who wanted to take the abolitionist movement and make it a political movement. As most leading abolitionists were adamant about being outside politics, this was a novel concept. The party ran a presidential ticket in 1840 and 1844, with James G. Birney, a former slaveholder from Kentucky as their candidate. The Liberty Party drew meager numbers, garnering only two percent of the popular vote in 1844. It has been speculated that the Liberty Party was responsible for splitting the anti-slavery vote in New York state in 1844, thereby denying the states electoral vote to Henry Clay, the Whig candidate and assuring the election of the slave-owning James Knox Polk. But that assumes Clay would have drawn all the votes cast for the Liberty Party. Free Soil Party The Free Soil Party came into being in 1848 and was organized to oppose the spread of slavery. The partys candidate for president in 1848 was former president Martin Van Buren. Zachary Taylor of the Whig Party won the 1848 presidential election, but the FreeSoil Party did elect two senators and 14 members of the House of Representatives. The motto of the Free Soil Party was Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free Men. After Van Burens defeat in 1848, the party faded and members were eventually absorbed into the Republican Party when it formed in the 1850s. The Know-Nothing Party The Know-Nothing Party emerged in the late 1840s as a reaction to immigration to America. After some success in local elections with campaigns rife with bigotry, former president Millard Fillmore ran as the Know-Nothing candidate for president in 1856. Fillmores campaign was a disaster and the party soon dissolved. Greenback Party The Greenback Party was organized at a national convention held in Cleveland, Ohio in 1875. The formation of the party was prompted by difficult economic decisions, and the party advocated the issuing of paper money not backed by gold. Farmers and workers were the partys natural constituency. The Greenbacks ran presidential candidates in 1876, 1880, and 1884, all of whom were unsuccessful. When economic conditions improved, the Greenback Party faded into history.

Dark Time Free Essays

Theodore Roethke is one of America’s premier poets, ranking alongside Robert Frost, Walt Whitman, and Carl Sandburg. His 1964 poem â€Å"In A Dark Time† is both disturbing and challenging as a man veers on the edge of sanity through an outdoor experience. Roethke demonstrates through subject and form that he is a master poet, reflecting the deep inner sense of self that can portray such emotions without being reduced to cliche or juvenilia. We will write a custom essay sample on Dark Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now The title of the poem—â€Å"In A Dark Time†Ã¢â‚¬â€is the first clue that all is not well in Roethke’s universe. It is the primary indicator that the poem speaks to the troubled half of life. In many ways one is reminded of Robert Frost’s â€Å"Acquainted With the Night,† which conveys a deeper metaphor of depression in its surface-simple account of insomnia. â€Å"In A Dark Time† speaks volumes about the poem that will follow. Roethke relies on a single simile in this poem, although it is replete with metaphor. In the last stanza, he says his soul is â€Å"like some heat-maddened summer fly† buzzing on the windowsill. One can instantly picture the frantic action of such a fly, its nervous bouncing, ticking and constant action. His soul, being like this, is perpetually agitated. But Roethke has established this interpretation through the metaphor of the dark woods; a place where is soul has been caught out in the middle of the day, yet plunged in darkness. He is lost here, wondering whether something ahead is shelter (the cave) or further travail (merely a bend in the path). He sees himself dancing on the edge physically and metaphorically. In the first two stanzas, Roethke personifies his shadow, an image that most people perceive as a dark figure to begin with. Roethke expands the idea of his shadow to incorporate the darker nature of his self. He meets his shadow in the deepening shade, giving the reader a sense that he is meeting the darkest part of his inner self at a time when the depths of his depression have encompassed him. As with most people, Roethke relates a realistic happening as most people only reflect upon their lives in their darkest hours (â€Å"In a dark time, the eye begins to see†). In the last stanza, Roethke personifies his fear. (â€Å"A fallen man, I climb out of my fear†). As many know, fear is not a physical entity that can be ascended or descended. In this case, however, Roethke’s fear (â€Å"his dark time†) has become such an overwhelming reality to him that, in order to emerge from the depths of his struggle, Roethke sees this ascent as a physical act. Reading the line in full, the reader gets a sense that Roethke has actually fallen into an abyss known as fear. How to cite Dark Time, Essay examples

Health Professional Attitudes Mental People -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Health Professional Attitudes Mental People? Answer: Introduction In Australia, mental illness is widespread and has significant impact on the social, personal and economic levels. However, the rate of prevalence varies across the life-span (Sunderland, Newby Andrews, 2013). The National Mental Health Strategy has guided the reforms in mental health in Australia since 1992. The First National Mental Health Plan represented co-ordinated mental health reform(Commonwealth of Australia(CoA), 2009), while the second and the third National Mental Health Plansidentified the importance of cross-sectoral partnership between mental health and well-being while responding to the complication of mental illness via an integrated service system (CoA, 2009). According to National Mental Health Plan, mental illness of regarded as the most common and impactful complication in the areas like oncology, strokes and myocardial infraction. The mental illness associated with this complex disease affects the quality of life. The comprehensive implementation of the objecti ves drafted by the first, second and third National Mental Health Plan led to a significant change in the mental health condition in Australia (CoA, 2009). This led to the growth in the state-territory of mental health workforce along with increase in the quality of the community based service. The Fourth National Mental Health Plan acknowledges that there is still much to be done in the mental health sector in Australia. According to the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2007), conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), there is a major disparity in the mental health condition and available treatment amongst the states and the territories. Only one-third of the population sufferingfrom mental illness avail mental health services each year. The main victims of mental illness are early adult population and common mental illnesses are anxiety and mood disorders. There is also a high demand formental health care in acute and emergency units. Challenges exist in relationto recruiting and retaining the mental health workforce. Moreover, mental health consumers still report that they face problems in accessing comprehensive mental health care. Thus the Fourth National Mental Health Plan aims to improve these gaps in the mental health procurement in Australia via collaborative approach that will help in fostering complementary programs that will deliver responsive services(CoA, 2009). Such a wide mental health improvement perspective as taken by the Fourth Plan is of interest as it is the first ever plan to highlighta collaborative approach in mental health(CoA, 2009). Collaborative approach is an important domain of mental health as it helps in the participation or formation of an inter-disciplinary team and this will in-turn help the patient of avail an informed yet quality care (Dogra,FrakeWarner-Gale , Parkin, 2017). The following report aims to analyse the Fourth National Mental Health Plan based on the framework of Health Service Planning and Policy Toolkit by World Health Organisation (2005). Understanding on policy The Fourth National Mental Health Policy came into action when there is a major focus on the responsibilities and roles of government inside the mental health framework. The idea of the plan is to guide reform and identify the principal actions that can lead towards a meaningful progress towards accomplishment of the vision of the second and the third National Mental Health Policy. The plan was framed to assist the reforms in mental health. The main priority area of the plan is to promote mental health and wellbeing among the population of Australia via reducing the impact of mental illness. The reduction in the chronicity of mental illness will be promoted via addressing the gaps identified within the mental healthcare system. The Fourth Plan also recognises the mental health care needs of the indigenous population in Australia while delivering comprehensive mental health care(CoA, 2009). Thus this plan was different from other plan in the aspect that it adopts a population based me ntal health framework. This framework recognises the determinants of mental health while acknowledging the importance of mental health across the lifespan. Critical analysisof the policy Health service planning and policy toolkit by WHO (2005) Policy selected for Critique Mental Health Policy by the Department of Health Government of Australia Policy title Fourth national mental health plan: an agenda for collaborative government action in mental health 2009-2014 Reason for selection of policy Mental illness is widespread in Australia, according to the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing Australia (2017), one out of the 5 people aged between 16 to 85 years of age suffers from mental illnesses like anxiety, mood disorders. This cast a substantial impact on the social, personal and socio-economic domains of life(CoA, 2009). The Fourth Plan emphasises the manner in which the reforms in the mental health domain can co-relate with the policy direction of other associated government portfolios with an aim towards ensuring that people with mental health problems can take advantage from them in the highest possible manner (CoA, 2009) Significance of policy for the health of the population The significance of the policy liesin the fact that it prioritisesthe rights of the consumers, carers and the families and gives importance to informed decision-making regarding the process of service options, selection of benefits and anticipated risks (CoA, 2009). The policy also addresses social exclusion, differential care plan for different age groups along with service equity. Thus the policy casts an over-arching vision for a stable mental health system that assists recovery while preventing early mental illness and comprehensive treatment for all the Australians (CoA, 2009). Fourth National Mental Health Plan shares relationships with each and every aspect of the National Mental Health Strategy and thereby making it more significant (details given in appendix). It also gives the mental health plan a whole government approach thus linking every aspect of mental health with the government framework (CoA, 2009). Professional or personal interest Interest in this policy is derived from the fact that the policy targets a proportion of the population who are suffering from mental illness. The plan also covers interest of the carers or the family members of the persons who are suffering from mental illness. According to the reports published by the Government of Australia, Department of Health, mental illness impacts on a persons life at different levels of severity and increases the risk of those affected, experiencing a range of adverse health, economic and social outcomes. Another aim of the fourth policy plan is to address the system weakness through consultation and process and this has generated personal interest in me for selecting this policy as it assures a complete revamp of the existing mental health policy (CoA, 2009). How, when and why policy came into existence The Fourth National Mental Health Plan came into existence in December 2008. The policy was designed to provide an overarching vision and intent for a comprehensive mental health framework in Australia. The policy was endorsed by the health ministers to guide reforms while identifying principal actions that can effect significant progress towards accomplishing the aim of the policy (CoA, 2009). The main conceptualize the mental health under the framework of the population health thus providing a comprehensive approach towards health care. In this comprehensive population based mental health approach, the fourth national mental health plan emphasise the framing of the mental health policy based on the pre-designed government mental health portfolio. This population health framework and whole government approach are the two most prominent components that make this fourth national mental health plan an important mental health aspect for Australia (CoA, 2009). What influenced policy makers to adopt this policy (policy objectives) The five objectives of the Fourth National Mental Health Plan are: social inclusion and recovery via improving the service and community understanding and attitudes towards sustained national stigma reduction strategy; prevention and early intervention via working with in collaboration with schools and workplaces and delivering programs to improve the mental health literacy which enhancing resilience; prioritisation of service access along with proper co-ordination and continuity of care via developing framework of national service planning that helps in the establishment of targets for the mental health services which are backed by innovative funding models; quality improvement along with innovation via critically reviewing the Mental Health Statement of Rights and Responsibilities; accountability via reporting progress through national mental health data (CoA, 2009). The framing of the policies are mainly based on few principles of ideal procurement of the mental health in Australia. The major influence of the Fourth National Mental Health Plan include respect and right of the comprehensive mental health for the consumers and their family members, committed service delivery approach, eradication of the social exclusion and providing mental health service based on the cultural diversity across the communities and throughout the lifespan (CoA, 2009). Who are the policy makers? Ministerial Advisory Council is the main contributor towards the Fourth National Mental Health Plan(CoA, 2009). Interest group they represent The Fourth Plan targets a population residing (this is the wrong word here. What do you mean?...is it living? with mental health complications and mental illness. Since the entire Australian population is targeted, this Mental Health plan constitutes the whole of the Australian government approach to mental health reform. This approach of government encompasses a national effort that includes Commonwealth, state and territory level (CoA, 2009). Stages of policy making process The first stage of policy making includes collaborative national efforts coming from all stages of government. This helped in underlying the loopholes of existing mental health polices and thereby redesigning the new aims of the policy based on the identified loopholes (Commonwealth of Australia, 2009). Is the process orderly or chaotic? The process thus undertaken is ordered and less chaotic. Is any area of policy a contested one? Explain the concept of a contested area Contested area of policy designing is known as the process in which certain areas of the policy are design solely for competition or to attain superiority among all the existing policies and other community issues. Such areas lack prime important in the grounds of the betterment of the society and is solely designed in order to attain superiority. According to Cantir and Kaarbo (2012), contested area of a policy means the roles of the policy is not stable as it often implied. None of the areas of the policy is contested one, as each of the objectivesof the policy targets some of the areas of the mental health complications existing in Australia. Policy Objectives Importance Social inclusion and recovery Indigenous Australians have an increased burden of mental health complications. According to Jorm, Bourchier, Cvetkovskiand Stewart, (2012), the main reason behind the inequality in health is social exclusion. Cunningham and Paradies (2013), believe/suggestthat inequality in health arises due to racism as one out of four indigenous people residing in Australia has reported being victims of racial discrimination and this racial discrimination increases the experience of social exclusion. Actions by policy: improvement of the community service and service understanding via comprehensive national stigma reduction strategy. This improvement of community service is achieved via eradication of the concept of social stigma and the cultural inequalities among the aboriginal groups. Prevention and Early intervention Actions taken: There is an urgent need to scrutinise the reason behind the possible relapse of the mental illness and this will help in the early prevention of the recurrent episodes of the mental health complications (Cross Hermens, Scott, Ottavio, McGorryHickie, 2014). Working in association with schools, offices and communities to improve mental health literacy while accessing the reason behind relapse Access of mental health service, proper co-ordination between the service and continuity of care In order to use the different mental health-service there is a critical requirement of formation of linkage between different sectors of mental health (Funk, 2010). Actions taken: Development of national service planning framework. It will lead to the establishment of linkage between different levelof mental health services. Innovation along with quality improvement Although mental health service was active towards the formation of multi-disciplinary teams like other domains of health-care, it still experiences problems like limited supply of adequate equipment (in aged care) and poorly distributed work-force (remote or rural areas specially in the areas which are infiltrated by aboriginals). Incorporation of innovative strategies will help in expanding the access of the mental health patients of remote areas (King, Wei Howe, 2013). Innovative strategy includes increase in the consumer and carer employment in community and clinical settings of mental health. Measuring and reporting the overall progress Generating an accountable and transparent mental health system is one of the most important steps towards the establishment of public confidence. Earlier, the patients and their carers are unable to make informed judgements in mental health care (Hansson, Jormfeldt, Svedberg Svensson, 2013). At policy level, public confidence in the mental health reforms drafted by government is important. At service delivery level mental health consumers need to be confident about the available mental health services. Both aspects of confidence are the central to the actions taken under the Fourth Plan (Bao, CasalinoPincus, 2013). The gain in confidence will be achievedvia enabling consumers and their carers to access information about the nature of services that is responsible for the care across the range of health quality domains. Was there a consultation process in place? The consultation process was in place because each aim has its detailed objectives along with the action plan and expected outcome. The Fourth Plan emphasizes the manner in which reforms in mental health can inter-relate with the direction of the policy directions inaccordance with the other portfolios of government. Overall it aims towards ensuring that the group of population with mental health complications can gain highest possible benefit(CoA, 2009). What interested groups, if any, have beenconsulted and what sources and kinds of advice havebeenobtained Ministerial Advisory Councils beyond the health care domain are included in the process of development of Fourth Plan. This helped in articulation of present responsibilities and roles of other portfolios as they coincide in the path of improving the outcome of mental health services. The advice obtained from inclusion of interested groups (who and why ids this important in any policy development and analysis?)from different sectors of healthcare is apart from the health care professionals consumers and their carers should also be actively engaged in the service and policy development in health care. While the mental health service provides should work as a team within the designed framework to procure comprehensive care to the mental health consumers. Now such advice goes in sync with reports published by Brett, Staniszewska, Mockford, Herron?Marx, Hughes, Tysall and Suleman (2014), which also emphasises on patient and public involvement in all principal stages of research process. Did the consultation process and its outcomes have an impact on what was included in the policy? The consultation through All these highlighted areas of concern are stringently incorporated in the policy planning. For example, the Fourth National Mental Health Plan aims towards developing an integrated program to support mental health services via providing tailored assistance to people with mental illness living in the community (CoA, 2009). Moreover, these highlighted areas like community diverse mental health plans, culturally diverse mental health plans are in accordance with the reports published by Patel and Saxena (2014). Every identified gap (reference and what were the identified gaps and how were they identified?)is covered in objectives of the policy planning along with projected plan of outcomes and desired outcomes. Is there a process in place for ongoing consultation and review? In order to review the ongoing consultation, the fourth plan aims to establish a comprehensive national reporting process that will track the progress of the mental health reforms. Such security will also access the needs of the stakeholders. The review of the ongoing consultation satisfies the requirement stated in the published works of Patel and Saxena (2014). According to Patel and Saxena (2014), the implementation of the mental health services should be based on the current gaps in mental health that has been prioritised by the policy makers and stakeholders. Is the adopted process of policy-making the best that could be hoped for? If not how might it beimproved The adopted process of policy is best that could be hoped for as it encompasses nearly (what is missing) all the sectors of the mental health complications prevalent in Australia (CoA, 2009). Moreover, the policy also aims to increase the employment of the carers and consumers under community and clinical settings. This incorporation of the caregivers or the family members under process of policy planning is the principal feature, making this mental health policy a success (Tambuyzer, Pieters Van Audenhove, 2014). This will help in the improvement of the quality of the mental health service while increasing the accountability. Was the policy development process a good process? Is the policy a good policy? How do you know? The policy is a standard health care policy in the mental health sector because it adopts the population health framework which emphasizes the need of developing an effective preventive approach towards common mental illness like anxiety and depression. According to Jacka, Mykletun and Berk (2012), sustainable, effective population-level initiatives for prevention of mental illness will help to develop approaches addressing to non-communicable somatic disease. The sustainable and population level approaches will help in the generation of awareness among the community level and thereby helping to combat the non-communicable disease in an informed manner (Jacka, Mykletun Berk, 2012) Has the policy achieved required outcomes? The main aimof the policy is to provide mental health services in a co-ordinated manner. In 2007, Australian National Mental Health Survey data revealed that Australian youth have the highest prevalence of mental illness and the worst service access Only 21.8% of Australian youth (16 to 24 years), who are diagnosed with mental disorders have access to professional help. However, the implementation of Fourth Policy has improved the youth mental health outcome. At present nearly This needs a comparison between now and before the fourth mental health planis there acknowledged improvement and what part of the plan achieved this? Would a different policy be likely to yield better results? This policy is a comprehensive policy for mental health sector in Australia. However, it has certain limitation. The policy fails to highlight the increasing rate of depression and dementia among aged population of Australia and the steps that should be taken in order to overcome such problems (CoA, 2009). Moreover, the policy does not provide a detailed insight about the person centred care in mental health (CoA, 2009). According to Clissett Porock, Harwood and Gladman (2013), person-centred is an ideal approach to care for people suffering from dementia or other mental complications related to aged care. Does the present policy need changing? Yes. The policy requires modifications in relation to person-centred care and aged care facilities in relation of dementia and other depression associated with increase in age bracket (reference) The change in the policy should be taken in the domain of aged care facility. The policy must take a strong approach towards mental health service for aged people. This is because, according to the Australian Government, Department of Health (2016), in Australia, the majority of the aged population suffers from dementia and the mental health service of Australia lacks the person-centred care for this group of population. The importance of person- centred care lies in the fact that it will help in reducing the burden onthe care-givers/ the family members.A majority of people who are suffering from dementia are dependent on their family members who act as caregivers to procure daily care while maintaining the dignity (reference). As a consequence of this, care-giver burden has now become a major concern as continuous pressure of providing care to the patients cast a huge negative impact on the mental health of the caregivers. The formulation of the person centred care will help in redu cing this burden (Xiao Wang, He, De Bellis, VerbeeckKyriazopoulos, 2014). Is it feasible to change it and in what ways? According to the reports published byXiao Wang, He, De Bellis, VerbeeckandKyriazopoulos(2014), in Australia the mental health services related to aged care facilities are required to have more components for preventing the development of disease while framing strategies for reducing the stress on the care givers. As a subjective burden is reciprocated via culture (explain this), a specific care giver support mechanism should acknowledge the needs of the care-givers associated with their specific cultural values. This is because, constant support to the aged population by their caregivers produce significant mental stress on them, hampering the quality of life of the caregivers too (Xiao Wang, He, De Bellis, Verbeeck Kyriazopoulos, 2014). Moreover, the dementia control strategy must focus on the later transitions, specify on how care co-ordination and proper training of the work-force should be done in order to make transition towards more person centred care. This person centred car e outcomes would then be used in the later stages for examining the success of the strategy implementation and subsequent dissemination (Fortinsky Downs, 2014). Conclusion The Fourth Mental Health Plan provides an opportunity to frame an optimised, custom-made system of recording the performance of health care. This is being achieved via building accountable service delivery system that strictly monitors the performance of the mental health policy on the basis of service quality indicators. At the same time,it aims to make this information available to the consumers and their stakeholders. The four main objectives to his plan include social inclusion and recovery, early intervention and mental health disease prevention, proper access of mental health services along with co-ordination and care continuity, innovation and quality improvement and increasing the accountability among the caregivers of the mental health. The critical analysis of the policy revealed that that the plan was framed to provide a comprehensive approach to the mental healthcare. For this numerous health care professions (multi-disciplinary team) outside the ministry of the mental health were recruited in framing the draft of the plan. Such involvement of the multi-disciplinary team ensured that none of the objective are contested and each and every objective can certain projected direction towards uplifting the mental health stature of Australia. The process of ongoing consultation was appropriate the outcome of the consultation process will have significant impact over the mental health in Australia. The adopted process of the policy is standardised as it is based on the framework of population mental health in Australia. The proper implementation of the fourth national plan has helped in improving the mental health status of the youth residing in Australia. This is regarded as one of the best successes of mental health plan as one of the significant group of population of the mental health complication is the young adults. However, the policy fails to throw critical light over the strategies that must be undertaken in order deal with depression and anxiety popular among the aged population of Australia. The policy also did not highlight the important aspect of person centred care in procuring comprehensive mental health. Hence changes must be incorporated via including aged-care mental health service to address the common mental complications in Australia like depression and dementia. References Australian Government Department of Health (2016). Dementia and Aged Care Services (DACS) Fund. Retrieved from: https://agedcare.health.gov.au/dementia-and-aged-care-services-fund-dacs Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.(2007). Young Australians: Their health and well-being2007.AIHW.https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-pubs-f-plan09-toc Bao, Y., Casalino, L. P., Pincus, H. A. (2013). Behavioral health and health care reform models: patient-centered medical home, health home, and accountable care organization.The Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research,40(1), 121-132. Brett, J., Staniszewska, S., Mockford, C., Herron?Marx, S., Hughes, J., Tysall, C., Suleman, R. (2014). Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research: a systematic review.Health Expectations,17(5), 637-650. Cantir, C., Kaarbo, J. (2012). Contested roles and domestic politics: reflections on role theory in foreign policy analysis and IR theory.Foreign Policy Analysis,8(1), 5-24. Clissett, P., Porock, D., Harwood, R. H., Gladman, J. R. (2013). The challenges of achieving person-centred care in acute hospitals: a qualitative study of people with dementia and their families.International Journal of Nursing Studies,50(11), 1495-1503. Cross, S. P., Hermens, D. F., Scott, E. M., Ottavio, A., McGorry, P. D., Hickie, I. B. (2014). A clinical staging model for early intervention youth mental health services. Cunningham, J., Paradies, Y. C. (2013). Patterns and correlates of self-reported racial discrimination among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults, 200809: analysis of national survey data.International Journal for Equity in Health,12(1), 47. Department of Health | Prevalence of mental disorders in the Australian population. (2017).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 10 February 2018, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-pubs-m-mhaust2-toc~mental-pubs-m-mhaust2-hig~mental-pubs-m-mhaust2-hig-pre Dogra, NA., Frake, C, Warner-Gale, F., Parkin, A. (2017).A multidisciplinary handbook of child and adolescent mental health for front-line professionals. London:Jessica Kingsley Publishers.The 2017 edition has the authors order changed Fortinsky, R. H., Downs, M. (2014). Optimizing person-centered transitions in the dementia journey: A comparison of national dementia strategies.Health Affairs,33(4), 566-573. Fourth National Mental Health Plan - An agenda for collaborative government action in mental health 20092014., (2009). Commonwealth of Australia 2009 Funk, M. (2010). Global burden of mental disorders and the need for a comprehensive, coordinated response from health and social sectors at the country level.https://www.who.int/mental_health/mh_draft_resolution_EB130_R8_en.pdf Hansson, L., Jormfeldt, H., Svedberg, P., Svensson, B. (2013). Mental health professionals attitudes towards people with mental illness: Do they differ from attitudes held by people with mental illness?International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 59(1), 48-54. Jacka, F. N., Mykletun, A., Berk, M. (2012). Moving towards a population health approach to the primary prevention of common mental disorders.BMC Medicine,10(1), 149. Jorm, A. F., Bourchier, S. J., Cvetkovski, S., Stewart, G. (2012). Mental health of Indigenous Australians: a review of findings from community surveys.Medical Journal of Australia,196(2), 118. King, D., Wei, Z., Howe, A. (2013). Work satisfaction and intention to leave among direct care workers in community and residential aged care in Australia.Journal of Aging Social Policy,25(4), 301-319. McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(s54), s30-s35. Patel, V., Saxena, S. (2014). Transforming lives, enhancing communitiesinnovations in global mental health.New England Journal of Medicine,370(6), 498-501. Sunderland, M., Newby, J. M., Andrews, G. (2013). Health anxiety in Australia: prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service use.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(1), 56-61. Tambuyzer, E., Pieters, G., Van Audenhove, C. (2014). Patient involvement in mental health care: one size does not fit all.Health Expectations,17(1), 138-150. Xiao, L. D., Wang, J., He, G. P., De Bellis, A., Verbeeck, J., Kyriazopoulos, H. (2014). Family caregiver challenges in dementia care in Australia and China: a critical perspective.BMC Geriatrics,14(1), 6.