Teenage Drinking Essay Example for Free

Young Drinking Essay For as far back as decade, there has been a significant issue with underage savoring this world. A considerable lot of young people have had the option to purchase devoured drinking without the presence of their folks. Today, numerous youngsters experience various things on the planet. Regardless of whether it is their first date or first day in secondary school, youngsters are consistently anxious to have a go at something other than what's expected or new. Something that youngsters attempt is drinking liquor. Lamentably, underage consumers regularly misuse liquor. Numerous reasons why underage teenagers are expending liquor on the grounds that there were drunkards in the family, peer weight, stress and family issues. When growing up with a heavy drinker, the children mind feels that it is entirely expected to drink relentless. The passionate and mental scars that kids can create in alcoholic homes can be profound to the point that they can last well into adulthood. In the event that you were brought up in a home with liquor addiction or dependence, you may locate that a portion of the accompanying attributes are very familiar(Dr. Jan Woititz). Individuals will in general become detached, dread individuals and authority figures become endorsement searchers, be scared of furious individuals, be frightened of individual analysis, become heavy drinkers, wed them or both view life as a casualty have a staggering awareness of other's expectations, be concerned more with others than themselves, feel regretful when they defend themselves, become dependent on energy, confound love and pity love individuals who need safeguarding, stuff their sentiments lose the capacity to feel, have low confidence, and judge themselves cruelly. Those are only not many of the impacts of alcoholic issues in the family. Studies express that individuals look to liquor as a result of monetary, work pressure or conjugal disunity. In people between particular sorts of liquor addiction and unfriendly youth encounters. Elevated levels of pressure may impact drinking recurrence and amount. This connection among stress and drinking even is more grounded when elective methods for dealing with stress and social backings areâ lacking. At long last, when people accept that liquor will assist with decreasing the worry in their lives, liquor is well on the way to be utilized in light of pressure. Drinking seems to follow pressure however some proof additionally interfaces over the top toasting the expectation of a significant pressure or in any event, during times of pressure (BRESSERT). Stress can prompt being a heavy drinker on the grounds that the individual is so worn out on being in a condition of pressure so they search for something that can quiet them down so they go to either weed or liquor. They drink as much as possible until it leaves yet in actuality the pressure doesn't leave. So in the event that it don't work, at that point that implies they going to continue looking towards alcohol to dispose of it. This drinking can advance of reasoning change. After some time, overwhelming drinking meddles with the synapses in the mind that are required for acceptable psychological well-being. So while liquor may help manage worry for the time being, over the long haul it can add to sentiment of misery and uneasiness and make pressure more earnestly to manage (Eva Cyhlarov). Joseph A. Califano, Jr says The media centers around unlawful medications [, for example, ] heroin, yet that is the tail. The canine is liquor and the pooch is truly gnawing our children (69). This can make you hurt others, push you into illicit difficulty, and harm your connections. Liquor can harm the youthful mind, meddles with mental and social turn of events, and intrudes on scholastic advancement. Liquor is draws in youngsters effectively and prompts the three driving reasons for adolescent passing: mishaps, manslaughter and self destruction. You can likewise hurt your body now and when you grow up and furthermore get you dependent. At the point when smashed individuals tend to not see anything so they start battles, unprotected sex, driving alcoholic and overwhelming aftereffects. Individuals have passed on from drinking on the sea shore and like to swim which prompts demise. It is said from Anthony that individuals dont kick the bucket from smoking weed, they bite the dust fr om drinking alcohol(70). It is by all accounts genuine in light of the fact that you can't pass on from a plant yet you can bite the dust from something that is blend in with numerous synthetic substances. They can kick the bucket from extreme liquor inebriation. For what reason do adolescents drink? Adolescents appear to look towards drinking as a joy yet what they don't see is destroying their body. Despite the fact that they know its awful for them, they demand that liquor isnt actually a medication, anyway kidsâ know that brew, wine, and alcohol can you into huge difficulty. It is said by CASA that eighth graders utilized 47.0% of liquor, tenth graders utilized 66.9% and twelfth Graders utilized 78.4%. Utilized in past year, eighth graders are 38.7%, tenth graders are 60.0%, and twelfth graders are 71.5%. Utilized in the previous months, 8ths graders are 19.6%, tenth graders are 60.0% and twelfth graders are 48.6%. Seventy-two percent of undergrads report that they utilized liquor at any rate once inside the 30 days preceding finishing the Core review. Inside the most recent year, 84 percent of understudies report they drank liquor (Alcohol and College Students Drinking Fact Sheet, 1). 82% of understudies under age 21, utilizing liquor inside the previous year. Understudy competitors are all the more regularly the heaviest consumers in the general understudy populace. Half of school competitors (57 percent of men and 48 percent of ladies) are gorge consumers and experience a more noteworthy number of liquor related damages than different understudies. School competitors are likewise almost certain than different understudies to state that getting alcoholic is a significant explanation behind drinking(Dying to Drink by Henry Wechsler, Ph.D.). Seventy-eight percent of school competitors report that they utilized liquor on in any event one event in the previous 30 days before finishing the Core study. Inside the previous year, 88 percent of understudy competitors report utilizing liquor. One out of five competitors accept others under studies drinking unfavorably influences their association on an athletic group or in other sorted out gatherings. A few competitors don't think about the repercussions while they are out with individual partners, drinking a boundless measure of liquor. They are up to speed at the time and need to be cool with companions and partners. They don’t think how this is going to influence their up and coming game or practice. A few competitors accept they can deal with extreme drinking and performing great in games. There thought design is party hard at this moment and stress over training or the game later. This is a poor idea design that will consistently hurt their exhibition. Competitors realize liquor influences their framework in a negative manner, yet they despite everything devour enormous amounts(Nelson and Wechsler1 2001). Schools and professional football associations take a gander at this sort of things. They have a wide-go programs that can follow and furthermore test 100% in the event that somebody is affected by liquor and medications. Today, as you may have perused numerous youngsters are affected by liquor in the phases of secondary school and school. There were numerous studiesâ that were conduction that gave us data about the normal understudy drunkards or best in class heavy drinkers. There were numerous impacts of alcoholic that individuals didn't comprehend. These children don't comprehend what it can do to your life and physical-self later on. They wont comprehend the results until it hits them plainly in the head.

E-Commerce Strategy Truly Scrumptious Assignment

Web based business Strategy Truly Scrumptious - Assignment Example Our organization objective is to import an assortment of conventional and non-customary desserts, bundle them and disseminate them to retailers across UK. While we have a decent system of retailers who convey our products, we have no real way to reach straightforwardly to our customers or to showcase legitimately to them. In such manner there is an open door for Truly Scrumptious for expanded market entrance and to offer to people who might want to buy our desserts at the entire deal costs or in more noteworthy amount. While the expenses in opening our own circulation outlet can run amazingly high, including rental, shop inside and outside, enlisting and preparing counter sales reps, an adjustment in dispersion courses and promoting - a substantially more effective and innovation empowered choice is to put resources into an organization site. Destinations and structure of Website: The principle object of the site is to speak with our buyers, to inform them concerning the quality and assortment of our items and to convince them to buy the desserts on at any rate a preliminary premise. Our drawn out arrangement will be to hold an unwavering shopper base of people who become customary guests to our site and buy reliably. The web based business system will be a StoreFront model-giving all the customary alternatives of a physical store in a computerized mechanism for the client. The auxiliary targets will be to give a gathering to client input and item data for intrigued retailers who wish to begin a business relationship with us. So as to satisfy these destinations the site should have certain highlights: 1. An eye catching, yet engaged and uncluttered plan 2. Item classifications will be perfectly spread out and simple to get to 3. Valuing, fixings and nourishment data will be accessible with every item depiction 4. The item portrayal ought to be appealing and alluring 5. Shopping basket and online installment choices, with simple spare and change 6. Remarks areas 7. Client assistance correspondence choices 8. Limits, group estimating and different advancements 9. A different page for intrigued merchants and retailers with contact and item data These highlights will be provided food explicitly towards a client base of the center and upper-white collar class who are OK with internet shopping and treat desserts like a liberal delight. The entire site experience ought to be anything but difficult to explore with eye getting visuals and exquisite portrayals which will catch the reader’s eye and advantageous utilization of shopping basket and installment choices will permit motivation purchasing. The E-retailing air is consistently becoming busy. New dealers are showing up each day and through persistent inspecting of activities and system sites are seeking the top spots of the business. For our site to get through mess, pull in rush hour gridlock and increment deals we have to have a reasonable, centered goal from the beginning. Specializ ed and Practical advances The site building will include three fundamental advances in particular 1) Content and structuring 2) Hosting the site (outside capacity, limit and data transfer capacity and so forth) 3) Marketing and advancement. A while later our fundamental need will be upkeep, refreshing substance and assessing sway on deals. The genuine deals, conveyance and client support will at present be constrained by the separate divisions with help from the IT office in incorporating the physical viewpoints

Applying Agile to Non-Software Projects - Focus

Applying Agile to Non-Software Projects - Focus If you’ve heard about Agile project management, you’ve most likely heard about it in the context of software development. True, a first look at the Agile manifesto might have you convinced that the Agile approach is strictly for development experts. You know, those colleagues who have you asking “what language are you speaking?” when they talk about their work (a question that can result in even more confusion when you get an answer like “HTML/CSS”). While Agile may have been created with software in mind, it offers a fantastic collaborative method of managing work that is applicable across a range of industries and project types. The beauty of Agile project management lies in its potential to deliver value at every phase while remaining flexible and open to change. Agile thus addresses a conundrum that many industries face: How can we maintain controlled development and implementation, while also promoting innovation and creativity? Read on to find out how you can take advantage of this approach and apply Agile project management strategies to non-software projects. It’s simpler than you might think. Agile What? First off, a word on Agile project management  and just what it entailsâ€"for the less technically inclined among us. Established in 2001, Agile was developed as a step-by-step approach to software delivery. Instead of trying to put all the pieces together for one single final product delivery, Agile project management encourages iterative development. Projects are divided into “user stories”â€"small pieces of user functionalityâ€"which are then prioritized and delivered in short cycles known as iterations. A user story could entail a piece of functionality like being able to “find friends” through a software tool or enabling its ability to print overview reports. A user story can be implemented into an iteration of a software product but that doesn’t mean it will necessarily remain in place permanently. Whether or not it does depends largely on how users respond to that piece of functionality once it has been implemented. As you can probably guess, the Agile process requires ongoing communicationâ€"between the different experts who are working together to create the software, as well as between the developers and users who provide feedback on iterations. This makes way more sense than spending a great deal of time and money to create a final product without user input on the way, right? It’s one of those ideas that, in retrospect, seems so self-explanatory that it leaves everyone thinking, “Why haven’t we been doing this all along?” That’s the logic behind Agile project managementâ€"and it’s logic that certainly applies to a range of projects beyond software development. So how can we apply the Agile approach to non-software projects? Individual Tasks, Individual People, Intersecting Interactions If you’re working on a project, you’ll likely start off with a to-do list of the steps you need to move that project ahead towards its end goal. That end goal could be a product, an advertisement, an eventâ€"the options are endless. By breaking up the big tasks you need to accomplish to reach that goal into smaller, manageable to-do items, you can more easily prioritize and assign tasks to team members. The first incremental steps of progress that result can be tracked, measured and shared with fellow team members, representing the first “iteration” of your non-software project’s development. A task management tool like MeisterTask allows you to create lists like these to organize your workflow, and assign tasks and due dates to team members while tracking progress. The open nature of an Agile project management approach requires more flexibility than simply giving someone a task, however. That’s why MeisterTask also allows team members to comment on tasks  and to invite input from additional team membersâ€"and, thanks to MeisterTask being completely web-based, this can all be done in real-time. Productive Collaboration on a Continual Basis An essential element of Agile projects is collaboration among team members on an on-going basis, not just in the early brainstorming phases of a project. For software developers, user input on new functionality is essential to determining future iterations. For non-software projects, the input of different experts working together towards a common goal is just as important to ensuring positive project development. By allowing team members to comment in real-time, Agile-inspired workflows encourage creativity and help a project evolve positively. MeisterTask further taps into the collaborative nature of Agile workflows with its possible integrations. MeisterTask integrations allow you to connect your favorite tools like Zendesk, GitHub,  and Slack, among others. The integration with Zendesk, for example, allows you to create tasks for MeisterTask directly from Zendesk. Once the task is completed, you’ll receive a private comment. Or you can connect on Slack, communicating via the messaging app and creating new tasks directly via chat. Needless to say, MeisterTask can also be integrated with the collaborative brainstorming app MindMeister, allowing you to seamlessly transition from brainstorming to creating actionable task lists to realize a project’s completion. Repeat and Review, Repeat, and Review, Repeat and Review The iterative nature of Agile project management relies on creating new repetitions of software, updated each time with changes to user stories on a continual basis. Apply this concept to non-software projects by pinpointing recurring steps and setting them to repeat automatically. This encourages consistency and efficiency in the work process, while also forcing you to constantly revisitâ€"and, just as importantly, to reconsiderâ€"basic elements of your non-software project. With  Section Actions, MeisterTask allows you to automate recurring steps in your task management workflow. Maybe you work in online marketing and you have an SEO pro in your team who reviews all content before it goes on your website. You can automate the assigning of tasks on a recurring basis so that, for instance, any website content review is automatically assigned to your SEO pro. If a specific action is configured for one project section, you can even automatically apply this action to all tasks in this section. Adapt Against Risk Applying Agile project management strategies to non-software projects addresses a fact that most of us in the working world don’t like to discuss: Most projects have an inherent element of risk involved. The best way to negotiate risk and combat potential failure is to be open to evolution in the project development process. By promoting individual accountability and interaction, supporting collaboration, and encouraging repetition and review, Agile project management provides an adaptive framework for non-software project development. Making costly long-term project plans is tricky and deters project managers from adapting after significant time, when money has already been invested into a process. A complex non-software project can thus better conquer risks with an adaptive Agile approach. Coming back at the Agile manifesto, if you just ignore the software-specific language, its application value to effective project management of all kinds becomes clear: Individuals and interactions over processes and tools; Working software (Let’s replace that with “Deliverables with value”) over comprehensive documentation; Customer collaboration over contract negotiation; Responding to change over following a plan. Don’t Be Shy, Be Agile Considering the above, it becomes obvious that Agile-inspired workflow strategies and tools apply well beyond software development. Don’t forget, the LEAN method of project management was originally used in industrial processes. Who would have thought that a process once used primarily in auto manufacturing would be applicable in the office? It took innovative and open minds to see that potentialâ€"and to dare suggest putting LEAN into practice in an office environment. No doubt, the proposal was initially met with skepticism. Today, however, LEAN is used in many office environments. So don’t shy away from the Agile approach! By using Agile delivery for non-software projects, you’re promoting your team’s ability to remain creative while delivering concrete value. This is exactly what keeps people enthusiastic about their work and when people are excited about the work they’re doing, you’ll get the best ideas and greatest results. This is a guest post by Alison Kilian. Alison is a communications and marketing professional with a focus on digital and social media. Based in Vienna, Austria, she works independently for clients across Europe and North America. She holds extensive experience in a variety of topics including healthcare, technology and EU affairs. You can find out more about her work on her website ASK-Communications.com or follow her nerdy passion for creative content on Twitter. Download our free white paper for more information Agile White Paper 2.0.

What Is the Middle Passage

The â€Å"Middle Passage† refers to the horrific journey of enslaved Africans from their home continent to the Americas during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. Historians believe 15% of all Africans loaded onto slave ships did not survive the Middle Passage—most died of illness due to the inhumane, unsanitary conditions in which they were transported.   Key Takeaways: The Middle Passage The Middle Passage was the second leg of the triangular slave trade that went from Europe to Africa, Africa to the Americas, and then back to Europe. Millions of Africans were packed tightly onto ships bound for the Americas.Roughly 15% of enslaved people didnt survive the Middle Passage. Their bodies were thrown overboard.The most concentrated period of the triangular trade was between 1700 and 1808, when around two-thirds of the total number of enslaved people embarked on the Middle Passage. Broad Overview of the Middle Passage Between the 16th and 19th centuries, 12.4 million Africans were enslaved by Europeans and transported to various countries in the Americas. The Middle Passage was the middle stop of the triangular trade: European slavers would first sail to the western coast of Africa to trade a variety of goods for people who had been captured in war, kidnapped, or sentenced to enslavement as punishment for a crime; they would then transport enslaved people to the Americas and sell them in order to purchase sugar, rum, and other products; the third leg of the journey was back to Europe. Some historians believe that an additional 15% of the 12.4 million died before even boarding the slave ships, as they were marched in chains from the point of capture to the western coasts of Africa. Approximately 1.8 million enslaved Africans, never made it to their destination in the Americas, mostly because of the unsanitary conditions in which they were housed during the months-long journey. Around 40% of the total enslaved population went to Brazil, with 35% going to non-Spanish colonies, and 20% going directly to Spanish colonies. Less than 5%, around 400,000 enslaved people, went directly to North America; most U.S. slaves passed first through the Caribbean. All the European powers—Portugal, Spain, England, France, the Netherlands, and even Germany, Sweden and Denmark—participated in the slave trade. Portugal was the largest transporter of all, but Britain was dominant in the 18th century. The most concentrated period of the triangular trade was between 1700 and 1808, when around two-thirds of the total number of enslaved people were transported to the Americas. Over 40% were transported in British and American ships from six regions: Senegambia, Sierra Leone/the Windward Coast, the Gold Coast, the Bight of Benin, the Bight of Biafra, and West Central Africa (Kongo, Angola). These slaves were taken primarily to British Caribbean colonies where over 70% of all slaves were purchased (over half in Jamaica), but some also went to the Spanish and French Caribbean. The Transatlantic Journey Each ship carried several hundred people, about 15% of whom died during the journey. Their bodies were thrown overboard and often eaten by sharks. Slaves were fed twice a day and expected to exercise, often forced to dance while in shackles (and usually shackled to another person), in order to arrive in good condition for sale. They were kept in the hold of the ship for 16 hours a day and brought above deck for 8 hours, weather permitting. Doctors checked their health regularly to make sure they could command high prices once they were sold on the auction blocks in the Americas. Conditions onboard were also bad for the poorly paid crew members, most of whom were working to pay off debts. Although they inflicted violence upon slaves, they in turn were treated cruelly by the captains and subject to whipping. The crew was tasked with cooking, cleaning, and guarding the slaves, including preventing them from jumping overboard. They, like the slaves, were subject to dysentery, the leading cause of death on slave ships, but they were also exposed to new diseases in Africa, like malaria and yellow fever. The mortality rate among sailors during some periods of the slave trade was even higher than that of slaves, over 21%. Slave Resistance There is evidence that up to 10% of slave ships experienced violent resistance or insurrections by enslaved people. Many committed suicide by jumping overboard and others went on hunger strikes. Those who rebelled were punished cruelly, subjected to forced eating or whipped publicly (to set an example for others) with a cat-o-nine-tails (a whip of nine knotted cords attached to a handle). The captain had to be careful about using excessive violence, however, as it had the potential to provoke larger insurrections or more suicides, and because merchants in the Americas wanted them to arrive in good condition. Impact and End of the Middle Passage Enslaved people came from many different ethnic groups and spoke diverse languages. However, once they were shackled together on the slave ships and arrived in the American ports, they were given English (or Spanish or French) names. Their distinct ethnic identities (Igbo, Kongo, Wolof, Dahomey) were erased, as they were transformed into simply black or enslaved people. In the late 18th century, British abolitionists began inspecting slave ships and publicizing details of the Middle Passage in order to alert the public to the horrific conditions of the slave ships and gain support for their cause. In 1807 both Britain and the U.S. outlawed the slave trade (but not slavery), but Africans continued to be imported to Brazil until that country outlawed the trade in 1831 and the Spanish continued importing African slaves to Cuba until 1867. The Middle Passage has been referenced and reimagined in dozens of works of African American literature and film, most recently in 2018 in the third highest grossing movie of all time, Black Panther. Sources Rediker, Marcus.  The Slave Ship: A Human History. New York: Penguin Books, 2007.Miller, Joseph C. The Transatlantic Slave Trade.  Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 2018, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Transatlantic_Slave_Trade_TheWolfe, Brendan. Slave Ships and the Middle Passage.  Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 2018, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/slave_ships_and_the_middle_passage

Extinct Political Parties of the 1800s

The two major political parties of modern America can both trace their origins back to the 19th century. The longevity of the Democrats and Republicans appears quite remarkable when we consider that other parties existed alongside them in the 19th century before fading into history. The extinct political parties of the 1800s include organizations which were successful enough to put candidates in the White House. There were also others that were just doomed to inevitable obscurity. Some of them live on in political lore as oddities, or fads which are difficult to understand today. Yet many thousands of voters did take them seriously and they enjoyed a legitimate moment of glory before disappearing. Here is a listing of some significant political parties which  are no longer with us, in roughly chronological order: Federalist Party The Federalist Party is considered the first American political party. It advocated a strong national government, and prominent Federalists included John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. The Federalists did not build a sustaining party apparatus, and the partys defeat, when John Adams ran for a second term in the election of 1800, led to its decline. It essentially ceased to be a national party after 1816. The Federalists came under considerable criticism as they tended to oppose the War of 1812. Federalist involvement with the 1814  Hartford Convention, in which delegates suggested splitting New England states from the United States, essentially finished the party. (Jeffersonian) Republican Party The Jeffersonian Republican Party, which, of course, supported Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1800, was formed in opposition to the Federalists. The Jeffersonians tended to be more egalitarian than the Federalists. Following Jeffersons two terms in office, James Madison won the presidency on the Republican ticket in 1808 and 1812, followed by James Monroe in 1816 and 1820. The Jeffersonian Republican Party then faded away. The party was not a forerunner of the present day Republican Party. At times it was even called a name which seems contradictory today, the Democratic-Republican Party. National Republican Party The National Republican Party supported John Quincy Adams in his unsuccessful bid for reelection in 1828 (there had been no party designations in the election of 1824). The party also supported Henry Clay in 1832. The general theme of the National Republican Party was opposition to Andrew Jackson and his policies. The National Republicans generally joined the Whig Party in 1834. The National Republican Party was not a forerunner of the Republican Party, which formed in the mid-1850s. Incidentally, during the years of the John Quincy Adams administration, an adept political strategist from New York, future president Martin Van Buren, was organizing an opposition party. The party structure Van Buren created with the intent of making a coalition to elect Andrew Jackson in 1828 became the forerunner of todays Democratic Party. Anti-Masonic Party The Anti-Masonic Party formed in upstate New York in the late 1820s, following the mysterious death of a member of the Masonic order, William Morgan. It was believed that Morgan was killed before he could reveal secrets about the masons and their suspected influence in American politics. The party, while seemingly based on conspiracy theory, gained adherents. The Anti-Masonic Party actually held the first national political convention in America. Its convention in 1831 nominated William Wirt as its presidential candidate in 1832. Wirt was an odd choice, having once been a mason. While his candidacy was not successful, he did carry one state, Vermont, in the electoral college. Part of the appeal of the Anti-Masonic Party was its fiery opposition to Andrew Jackson, who happened to be a mason. The Anti-Masonic Party faded into obscurity by 1836 and its members drifted into the Whig Party, which also opposed the policies of Andrew Jackson. Whig Party The Whig Party was formed to oppose Andrew Jacksons policies and came together in 1834. The party took its name from a British political party which had opposed the king, as the American Whigs said they were opposing King Andrew. The Whig candidate in 1836, William Henry Harrison, lost to the Democrat Martin Van Buren. But Harrison, with his log cabin and hard cider campaign of 1840, won the presidency (though he would only serve for a month). The Whigs remained a major party throughout the 1840s, winning the White House again with Zachary Taylor in 1848. But the party splintered, mainly over the issue of slavery. Some Whigs joined the Know-Nothing Party, and others, most notably Abraham Lincoln, joined the new Republican party in the 1850s. Liberty Party The Liberty Party was organized in 1839 by anti-slavery activists who wanted to take the abolitionist movement and make it a political movement. As most leading abolitionists were adamant about being outside politics, this was a novel concept. The party ran a presidential ticket in 1840 and 1844, with James G. Birney, a former slaveholder from Kentucky as their candidate. The Liberty Party drew meager numbers, garnering only two percent of the popular vote in 1844. It has been speculated that the Liberty Party was responsible for splitting the anti-slavery vote in New York state in 1844, thereby denying the states electoral vote to Henry Clay, the Whig candidate and assuring the election of the slave-owning James Knox Polk. But that assumes Clay would have drawn all the votes cast for the Liberty Party. Free Soil Party The Free Soil Party came into being in 1848 and was organized to oppose the spread of slavery. The partys candidate for president in 1848 was former president Martin Van Buren. Zachary Taylor of the Whig Party won the 1848 presidential election, but the FreeSoil Party did elect two senators and 14 members of the House of Representatives. The motto of the Free Soil Party was Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free Men. After Van Burens defeat in 1848, the party faded and members were eventually absorbed into the Republican Party when it formed in the 1850s. The Know-Nothing Party The Know-Nothing Party emerged in the late 1840s as a reaction to immigration to America. After some success in local elections with campaigns rife with bigotry, former president Millard Fillmore ran as the Know-Nothing candidate for president in 1856. Fillmores campaign was a disaster and the party soon dissolved. Greenback Party The Greenback Party was organized at a national convention held in Cleveland, Ohio in 1875. The formation of the party was prompted by difficult economic decisions, and the party advocated the issuing of paper money not backed by gold. Farmers and workers were the partys natural constituency. The Greenbacks ran presidential candidates in 1876, 1880, and 1884, all of whom were unsuccessful. When economic conditions improved, the Greenback Party faded into history.

Dark Time Free Essays

Theodore Roethke is one of America’s premier poets, ranking alongside Robert Frost, Walt Whitman, and Carl Sandburg. His 1964 poem â€Å"In A Dark Time† is both disturbing and challenging as a man veers on the edge of sanity through an outdoor experience. Roethke demonstrates through subject and form that he is a master poet, reflecting the deep inner sense of self that can portray such emotions without being reduced to cliche or juvenilia. We will write a custom essay sample on Dark Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now The title of the poem—â€Å"In A Dark Time†Ã¢â‚¬â€is the first clue that all is not well in Roethke’s universe. It is the primary indicator that the poem speaks to the troubled half of life. In many ways one is reminded of Robert Frost’s â€Å"Acquainted With the Night,† which conveys a deeper metaphor of depression in its surface-simple account of insomnia. â€Å"In A Dark Time† speaks volumes about the poem that will follow. Roethke relies on a single simile in this poem, although it is replete with metaphor. In the last stanza, he says his soul is â€Å"like some heat-maddened summer fly† buzzing on the windowsill. One can instantly picture the frantic action of such a fly, its nervous bouncing, ticking and constant action. His soul, being like this, is perpetually agitated. But Roethke has established this interpretation through the metaphor of the dark woods; a place where is soul has been caught out in the middle of the day, yet plunged in darkness. He is lost here, wondering whether something ahead is shelter (the cave) or further travail (merely a bend in the path). He sees himself dancing on the edge physically and metaphorically. In the first two stanzas, Roethke personifies his shadow, an image that most people perceive as a dark figure to begin with. Roethke expands the idea of his shadow to incorporate the darker nature of his self. He meets his shadow in the deepening shade, giving the reader a sense that he is meeting the darkest part of his inner self at a time when the depths of his depression have encompassed him. As with most people, Roethke relates a realistic happening as most people only reflect upon their lives in their darkest hours (â€Å"In a dark time, the eye begins to see†). In the last stanza, Roethke personifies his fear. (â€Å"A fallen man, I climb out of my fear†). As many know, fear is not a physical entity that can be ascended or descended. In this case, however, Roethke’s fear (â€Å"his dark time†) has become such an overwhelming reality to him that, in order to emerge from the depths of his struggle, Roethke sees this ascent as a physical act. Reading the line in full, the reader gets a sense that Roethke has actually fallen into an abyss known as fear. How to cite Dark Time, Essay examples

Health Professional Attitudes Mental People -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Health Professional Attitudes Mental People? Answer: Introduction In Australia, mental illness is widespread and has significant impact on the social, personal and economic levels. However, the rate of prevalence varies across the life-span (Sunderland, Newby Andrews, 2013). The National Mental Health Strategy has guided the reforms in mental health in Australia since 1992. The First National Mental Health Plan represented co-ordinated mental health reform(Commonwealth of Australia(CoA), 2009), while the second and the third National Mental Health Plansidentified the importance of cross-sectoral partnership between mental health and well-being while responding to the complication of mental illness via an integrated service system (CoA, 2009). According to National Mental Health Plan, mental illness of regarded as the most common and impactful complication in the areas like oncology, strokes and myocardial infraction. The mental illness associated with this complex disease affects the quality of life. The comprehensive implementation of the objecti ves drafted by the first, second and third National Mental Health Plan led to a significant change in the mental health condition in Australia (CoA, 2009). This led to the growth in the state-territory of mental health workforce along with increase in the quality of the community based service. The Fourth National Mental Health Plan acknowledges that there is still much to be done in the mental health sector in Australia. According to the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2007), conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), there is a major disparity in the mental health condition and available treatment amongst the states and the territories. Only one-third of the population sufferingfrom mental illness avail mental health services each year. The main victims of mental illness are early adult population and common mental illnesses are anxiety and mood disorders. There is also a high demand formental health care in acute and emergency units. Challenges exist in relationto recruiting and retaining the mental health workforce. Moreover, mental health consumers still report that they face problems in accessing comprehensive mental health care. Thus the Fourth National Mental Health Plan aims to improve these gaps in the mental health procurement in Australia via collaborative approach that will help in fostering complementary programs that will deliver responsive services(CoA, 2009). Such a wide mental health improvement perspective as taken by the Fourth Plan is of interest as it is the first ever plan to highlighta collaborative approach in mental health(CoA, 2009). Collaborative approach is an important domain of mental health as it helps in the participation or formation of an inter-disciplinary team and this will in-turn help the patient of avail an informed yet quality care (Dogra,FrakeWarner-Gale , Parkin, 2017). The following report aims to analyse the Fourth National Mental Health Plan based on the framework of Health Service Planning and Policy Toolkit by World Health Organisation (2005). Understanding on policy The Fourth National Mental Health Policy came into action when there is a major focus on the responsibilities and roles of government inside the mental health framework. The idea of the plan is to guide reform and identify the principal actions that can lead towards a meaningful progress towards accomplishment of the vision of the second and the third National Mental Health Policy. The plan was framed to assist the reforms in mental health. The main priority area of the plan is to promote mental health and wellbeing among the population of Australia via reducing the impact of mental illness. The reduction in the chronicity of mental illness will be promoted via addressing the gaps identified within the mental healthcare system. The Fourth Plan also recognises the mental health care needs of the indigenous population in Australia while delivering comprehensive mental health care(CoA, 2009). Thus this plan was different from other plan in the aspect that it adopts a population based me ntal health framework. This framework recognises the determinants of mental health while acknowledging the importance of mental health across the lifespan. Critical analysisof the policy Health service planning and policy toolkit by WHO (2005) Policy selected for Critique Mental Health Policy by the Department of Health Government of Australia Policy title Fourth national mental health plan: an agenda for collaborative government action in mental health 2009-2014 Reason for selection of policy Mental illness is widespread in Australia, according to the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing Australia (2017), one out of the 5 people aged between 16 to 85 years of age suffers from mental illnesses like anxiety, mood disorders. This cast a substantial impact on the social, personal and socio-economic domains of life(CoA, 2009). The Fourth Plan emphasises the manner in which the reforms in the mental health domain can co-relate with the policy direction of other associated government portfolios with an aim towards ensuring that people with mental health problems can take advantage from them in the highest possible manner (CoA, 2009) Significance of policy for the health of the population The significance of the policy liesin the fact that it prioritisesthe rights of the consumers, carers and the families and gives importance to informed decision-making regarding the process of service options, selection of benefits and anticipated risks (CoA, 2009). The policy also addresses social exclusion, differential care plan for different age groups along with service equity. Thus the policy casts an over-arching vision for a stable mental health system that assists recovery while preventing early mental illness and comprehensive treatment for all the Australians (CoA, 2009). Fourth National Mental Health Plan shares relationships with each and every aspect of the National Mental Health Strategy and thereby making it more significant (details given in appendix). It also gives the mental health plan a whole government approach thus linking every aspect of mental health with the government framework (CoA, 2009). Professional or personal interest Interest in this policy is derived from the fact that the policy targets a proportion of the population who are suffering from mental illness. The plan also covers interest of the carers or the family members of the persons who are suffering from mental illness. According to the reports published by the Government of Australia, Department of Health, mental illness impacts on a persons life at different levels of severity and increases the risk of those affected, experiencing a range of adverse health, economic and social outcomes. Another aim of the fourth policy plan is to address the system weakness through consultation and process and this has generated personal interest in me for selecting this policy as it assures a complete revamp of the existing mental health policy (CoA, 2009). How, when and why policy came into existence The Fourth National Mental Health Plan came into existence in December 2008. The policy was designed to provide an overarching vision and intent for a comprehensive mental health framework in Australia. The policy was endorsed by the health ministers to guide reforms while identifying principal actions that can effect significant progress towards accomplishing the aim of the policy (CoA, 2009). The main conceptualize the mental health under the framework of the population health thus providing a comprehensive approach towards health care. In this comprehensive population based mental health approach, the fourth national mental health plan emphasise the framing of the mental health policy based on the pre-designed government mental health portfolio. This population health framework and whole government approach are the two most prominent components that make this fourth national mental health plan an important mental health aspect for Australia (CoA, 2009). What influenced policy makers to adopt this policy (policy objectives) The five objectives of the Fourth National Mental Health Plan are: social inclusion and recovery via improving the service and community understanding and attitudes towards sustained national stigma reduction strategy; prevention and early intervention via working with in collaboration with schools and workplaces and delivering programs to improve the mental health literacy which enhancing resilience; prioritisation of service access along with proper co-ordination and continuity of care via developing framework of national service planning that helps in the establishment of targets for the mental health services which are backed by innovative funding models; quality improvement along with innovation via critically reviewing the Mental Health Statement of Rights and Responsibilities; accountability via reporting progress through national mental health data (CoA, 2009). The framing of the policies are mainly based on few principles of ideal procurement of the mental health in Australia. The major influence of the Fourth National Mental Health Plan include respect and right of the comprehensive mental health for the consumers and their family members, committed service delivery approach, eradication of the social exclusion and providing mental health service based on the cultural diversity across the communities and throughout the lifespan (CoA, 2009). Who are the policy makers? Ministerial Advisory Council is the main contributor towards the Fourth National Mental Health Plan(CoA, 2009). Interest group they represent The Fourth Plan targets a population residing (this is the wrong word here. What do you mean?...is it living? with mental health complications and mental illness. Since the entire Australian population is targeted, this Mental Health plan constitutes the whole of the Australian government approach to mental health reform. This approach of government encompasses a national effort that includes Commonwealth, state and territory level (CoA, 2009). Stages of policy making process The first stage of policy making includes collaborative national efforts coming from all stages of government. This helped in underlying the loopholes of existing mental health polices and thereby redesigning the new aims of the policy based on the identified loopholes (Commonwealth of Australia, 2009). Is the process orderly or chaotic? The process thus undertaken is ordered and less chaotic. Is any area of policy a contested one? Explain the concept of a contested area Contested area of policy designing is known as the process in which certain areas of the policy are design solely for competition or to attain superiority among all the existing policies and other community issues. Such areas lack prime important in the grounds of the betterment of the society and is solely designed in order to attain superiority. According to Cantir and Kaarbo (2012), contested area of a policy means the roles of the policy is not stable as it often implied. None of the areas of the policy is contested one, as each of the objectivesof the policy targets some of the areas of the mental health complications existing in Australia. Policy Objectives Importance Social inclusion and recovery Indigenous Australians have an increased burden of mental health complications. According to Jorm, Bourchier, Cvetkovskiand Stewart, (2012), the main reason behind the inequality in health is social exclusion. Cunningham and Paradies (2013), believe/suggestthat inequality in health arises due to racism as one out of four indigenous people residing in Australia has reported being victims of racial discrimination and this racial discrimination increases the experience of social exclusion. Actions by policy: improvement of the community service and service understanding via comprehensive national stigma reduction strategy. This improvement of community service is achieved via eradication of the concept of social stigma and the cultural inequalities among the aboriginal groups. Prevention and Early intervention Actions taken: There is an urgent need to scrutinise the reason behind the possible relapse of the mental illness and this will help in the early prevention of the recurrent episodes of the mental health complications (Cross Hermens, Scott, Ottavio, McGorryHickie, 2014). Working in association with schools, offices and communities to improve mental health literacy while accessing the reason behind relapse Access of mental health service, proper co-ordination between the service and continuity of care In order to use the different mental health-service there is a critical requirement of formation of linkage between different sectors of mental health (Funk, 2010). Actions taken: Development of national service planning framework. It will lead to the establishment of linkage between different levelof mental health services. Innovation along with quality improvement Although mental health service was active towards the formation of multi-disciplinary teams like other domains of health-care, it still experiences problems like limited supply of adequate equipment (in aged care) and poorly distributed work-force (remote or rural areas specially in the areas which are infiltrated by aboriginals). Incorporation of innovative strategies will help in expanding the access of the mental health patients of remote areas (King, Wei Howe, 2013). Innovative strategy includes increase in the consumer and carer employment in community and clinical settings of mental health. Measuring and reporting the overall progress Generating an accountable and transparent mental health system is one of the most important steps towards the establishment of public confidence. Earlier, the patients and their carers are unable to make informed judgements in mental health care (Hansson, Jormfeldt, Svedberg Svensson, 2013). At policy level, public confidence in the mental health reforms drafted by government is important. At service delivery level mental health consumers need to be confident about the available mental health services. Both aspects of confidence are the central to the actions taken under the Fourth Plan (Bao, CasalinoPincus, 2013). The gain in confidence will be achievedvia enabling consumers and their carers to access information about the nature of services that is responsible for the care across the range of health quality domains. Was there a consultation process in place? The consultation process was in place because each aim has its detailed objectives along with the action plan and expected outcome. The Fourth Plan emphasizes the manner in which reforms in mental health can inter-relate with the direction of the policy directions inaccordance with the other portfolios of government. Overall it aims towards ensuring that the group of population with mental health complications can gain highest possible benefit(CoA, 2009). What interested groups, if any, have beenconsulted and what sources and kinds of advice havebeenobtained Ministerial Advisory Councils beyond the health care domain are included in the process of development of Fourth Plan. This helped in articulation of present responsibilities and roles of other portfolios as they coincide in the path of improving the outcome of mental health services. The advice obtained from inclusion of interested groups (who and why ids this important in any policy development and analysis?)from different sectors of healthcare is apart from the health care professionals consumers and their carers should also be actively engaged in the service and policy development in health care. While the mental health service provides should work as a team within the designed framework to procure comprehensive care to the mental health consumers. Now such advice goes in sync with reports published by Brett, Staniszewska, Mockford, Herron?Marx, Hughes, Tysall and Suleman (2014), which also emphasises on patient and public involvement in all principal stages of research process. Did the consultation process and its outcomes have an impact on what was included in the policy? The consultation through All these highlighted areas of concern are stringently incorporated in the policy planning. For example, the Fourth National Mental Health Plan aims towards developing an integrated program to support mental health services via providing tailored assistance to people with mental illness living in the community (CoA, 2009). Moreover, these highlighted areas like community diverse mental health plans, culturally diverse mental health plans are in accordance with the reports published by Patel and Saxena (2014). Every identified gap (reference and what were the identified gaps and how were they identified?)is covered in objectives of the policy planning along with projected plan of outcomes and desired outcomes. Is there a process in place for ongoing consultation and review? In order to review the ongoing consultation, the fourth plan aims to establish a comprehensive national reporting process that will track the progress of the mental health reforms. Such security will also access the needs of the stakeholders. The review of the ongoing consultation satisfies the requirement stated in the published works of Patel and Saxena (2014). According to Patel and Saxena (2014), the implementation of the mental health services should be based on the current gaps in mental health that has been prioritised by the policy makers and stakeholders. Is the adopted process of policy-making the best that could be hoped for? If not how might it beimproved The adopted process of policy is best that could be hoped for as it encompasses nearly (what is missing) all the sectors of the mental health complications prevalent in Australia (CoA, 2009). Moreover, the policy also aims to increase the employment of the carers and consumers under community and clinical settings. This incorporation of the caregivers or the family members under process of policy planning is the principal feature, making this mental health policy a success (Tambuyzer, Pieters Van Audenhove, 2014). This will help in the improvement of the quality of the mental health service while increasing the accountability. Was the policy development process a good process? Is the policy a good policy? How do you know? The policy is a standard health care policy in the mental health sector because it adopts the population health framework which emphasizes the need of developing an effective preventive approach towards common mental illness like anxiety and depression. According to Jacka, Mykletun and Berk (2012), sustainable, effective population-level initiatives for prevention of mental illness will help to develop approaches addressing to non-communicable somatic disease. The sustainable and population level approaches will help in the generation of awareness among the community level and thereby helping to combat the non-communicable disease in an informed manner (Jacka, Mykletun Berk, 2012) Has the policy achieved required outcomes? The main aimof the policy is to provide mental health services in a co-ordinated manner. In 2007, Australian National Mental Health Survey data revealed that Australian youth have the highest prevalence of mental illness and the worst service access Only 21.8% of Australian youth (16 to 24 years), who are diagnosed with mental disorders have access to professional help. However, the implementation of Fourth Policy has improved the youth mental health outcome. At present nearly This needs a comparison between now and before the fourth mental health planis there acknowledged improvement and what part of the plan achieved this? Would a different policy be likely to yield better results? This policy is a comprehensive policy for mental health sector in Australia. However, it has certain limitation. The policy fails to highlight the increasing rate of depression and dementia among aged population of Australia and the steps that should be taken in order to overcome such problems (CoA, 2009). Moreover, the policy does not provide a detailed insight about the person centred care in mental health (CoA, 2009). According to Clissett Porock, Harwood and Gladman (2013), person-centred is an ideal approach to care for people suffering from dementia or other mental complications related to aged care. Does the present policy need changing? Yes. The policy requires modifications in relation to person-centred care and aged care facilities in relation of dementia and other depression associated with increase in age bracket (reference) The change in the policy should be taken in the domain of aged care facility. The policy must take a strong approach towards mental health service for aged people. This is because, according to the Australian Government, Department of Health (2016), in Australia, the majority of the aged population suffers from dementia and the mental health service of Australia lacks the person-centred care for this group of population. The importance of person- centred care lies in the fact that it will help in reducing the burden onthe care-givers/ the family members.A majority of people who are suffering from dementia are dependent on their family members who act as caregivers to procure daily care while maintaining the dignity (reference). As a consequence of this, care-giver burden has now become a major concern as continuous pressure of providing care to the patients cast a huge negative impact on the mental health of the caregivers. The formulation of the person centred care will help in redu cing this burden (Xiao Wang, He, De Bellis, VerbeeckKyriazopoulos, 2014). Is it feasible to change it and in what ways? According to the reports published byXiao Wang, He, De Bellis, VerbeeckandKyriazopoulos(2014), in Australia the mental health services related to aged care facilities are required to have more components for preventing the development of disease while framing strategies for reducing the stress on the care givers. As a subjective burden is reciprocated via culture (explain this), a specific care giver support mechanism should acknowledge the needs of the care-givers associated with their specific cultural values. This is because, constant support to the aged population by their caregivers produce significant mental stress on them, hampering the quality of life of the caregivers too (Xiao Wang, He, De Bellis, Verbeeck Kyriazopoulos, 2014). Moreover, the dementia control strategy must focus on the later transitions, specify on how care co-ordination and proper training of the work-force should be done in order to make transition towards more person centred care. This person centred car e outcomes would then be used in the later stages for examining the success of the strategy implementation and subsequent dissemination (Fortinsky Downs, 2014). Conclusion The Fourth Mental Health Plan provides an opportunity to frame an optimised, custom-made system of recording the performance of health care. This is being achieved via building accountable service delivery system that strictly monitors the performance of the mental health policy on the basis of service quality indicators. At the same time,it aims to make this information available to the consumers and their stakeholders. The four main objectives to his plan include social inclusion and recovery, early intervention and mental health disease prevention, proper access of mental health services along with co-ordination and care continuity, innovation and quality improvement and increasing the accountability among the caregivers of the mental health. The critical analysis of the policy revealed that that the plan was framed to provide a comprehensive approach to the mental healthcare. For this numerous health care professions (multi-disciplinary team) outside the ministry of the mental health were recruited in framing the draft of the plan. Such involvement of the multi-disciplinary team ensured that none of the objective are contested and each and every objective can certain projected direction towards uplifting the mental health stature of Australia. The process of ongoing consultation was appropriate the outcome of the consultation process will have significant impact over the mental health in Australia. The adopted process of the policy is standardised as it is based on the framework of population mental health in Australia. The proper implementation of the fourth national plan has helped in improving the mental health status of the youth residing in Australia. This is regarded as one of the best successes of mental health plan as one of the significant group of population of the mental health complication is the young adults. However, the policy fails to throw critical light over the strategies that must be undertaken in order deal with depression and anxiety popular among the aged population of Australia. The policy also did not highlight the important aspect of person centred care in procuring comprehensive mental health. Hence changes must be incorporated via including aged-care mental health service to address the common mental complications in Australia like depression and dementia. References Australian Government Department of Health (2016). Dementia and Aged Care Services (DACS) Fund. Retrieved from: https://agedcare.health.gov.au/dementia-and-aged-care-services-fund-dacs Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.(2007). Young Australians: Their health and well-being2007.AIHW.https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-pubs-f-plan09-toc Bao, Y., Casalino, L. P., Pincus, H. A. (2013). Behavioral health and health care reform models: patient-centered medical home, health home, and accountable care organization.The Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research,40(1), 121-132. Brett, J., Staniszewska, S., Mockford, C., Herron?Marx, S., Hughes, J., Tysall, C., Suleman, R. (2014). Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research: a systematic review.Health Expectations,17(5), 637-650. Cantir, C., Kaarbo, J. (2012). Contested roles and domestic politics: reflections on role theory in foreign policy analysis and IR theory.Foreign Policy Analysis,8(1), 5-24. Clissett, P., Porock, D., Harwood, R. H., Gladman, J. R. (2013). The challenges of achieving person-centred care in acute hospitals: a qualitative study of people with dementia and their families.International Journal of Nursing Studies,50(11), 1495-1503. Cross, S. P., Hermens, D. F., Scott, E. M., Ottavio, A., McGorry, P. D., Hickie, I. B. (2014). A clinical staging model for early intervention youth mental health services. Cunningham, J., Paradies, Y. C. (2013). Patterns and correlates of self-reported racial discrimination among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults, 200809: analysis of national survey data.International Journal for Equity in Health,12(1), 47. Department of Health | Prevalence of mental disorders in the Australian population. (2017).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 10 February 2018, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-pubs-m-mhaust2-toc~mental-pubs-m-mhaust2-hig~mental-pubs-m-mhaust2-hig-pre Dogra, NA., Frake, C, Warner-Gale, F., Parkin, A. (2017).A multidisciplinary handbook of child and adolescent mental health for front-line professionals. London:Jessica Kingsley Publishers.The 2017 edition has the authors order changed Fortinsky, R. H., Downs, M. (2014). Optimizing person-centered transitions in the dementia journey: A comparison of national dementia strategies.Health Affairs,33(4), 566-573. Fourth National Mental Health Plan - An agenda for collaborative government action in mental health 20092014., (2009). Commonwealth of Australia 2009 Funk, M. (2010). Global burden of mental disorders and the need for a comprehensive, coordinated response from health and social sectors at the country level.https://www.who.int/mental_health/mh_draft_resolution_EB130_R8_en.pdf Hansson, L., Jormfeldt, H., Svedberg, P., Svensson, B. (2013). Mental health professionals attitudes towards people with mental illness: Do they differ from attitudes held by people with mental illness?International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 59(1), 48-54. Jacka, F. N., Mykletun, A., Berk, M. (2012). Moving towards a population health approach to the primary prevention of common mental disorders.BMC Medicine,10(1), 149. Jorm, A. F., Bourchier, S. J., Cvetkovski, S., Stewart, G. (2012). Mental health of Indigenous Australians: a review of findings from community surveys.Medical Journal of Australia,196(2), 118. King, D., Wei, Z., Howe, A. (2013). Work satisfaction and intention to leave among direct care workers in community and residential aged care in Australia.Journal of Aging Social Policy,25(4), 301-319. McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(s54), s30-s35. Patel, V., Saxena, S. (2014). Transforming lives, enhancing communitiesinnovations in global mental health.New England Journal of Medicine,370(6), 498-501. Sunderland, M., Newby, J. M., Andrews, G. (2013). Health anxiety in Australia: prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service use.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(1), 56-61. Tambuyzer, E., Pieters, G., Van Audenhove, C. (2014). Patient involvement in mental health care: one size does not fit all.Health Expectations,17(1), 138-150. Xiao, L. D., Wang, J., He, G. P., De Bellis, A., Verbeeck, J., Kyriazopoulos, H. (2014). Family caregiver challenges in dementia care in Australia and China: a critical perspective.BMC Geriatrics,14(1), 6.

Sieve Analysis Test Lab Report Sample

Sieve Analysis Test Lab Report Paper The objective of this experiment is to obtain the grading curve for both fine and coarse aggregate. 1. Balance balance or scale used in testing fine and coarse aggregates shall have readability and accuracy as follows: For fine aggregate, readable to 0. 1 g and accurate to 0. 1 g or 0. 1 % of the test load. For coarse aggregate, or mixtures of fine and coarse aggregate, readable and accurate to SO g or 0. 1 % of the test load. 2. Sieves the sizes and apertures appropriate to the specification tot the material being tested, complying with BBS 410: For coarse aggregate, standard vive size of 50. Mm, 37. 5 mm, 20. 0 mm, 14. 0 mm, 10. 0 mm, 5. 0 mm and 2. 36 mm (Fig. CLC-l), Poor fine aggregate, standard sieve size of ICC mm, 5. 00 mm, 2,36 mm, 1. 18 mm, mm, 300 m and 150 m (Fig. ICC-2). 3. Mechanical Sieve Shaker a mechanical sieving device, used to create vibration of the sieve to cause the particles to bounce. 4. Oven an oven of appropriate size capable of maintaining a uniform tem perature of Acoustic. PROCEDURES Fine Aggregate I. Representative sample was chosen by quartering (according to BBS 812: Part 102: 1984) or by use of a sample splitter (Fig. CO-3). The sample to be tested should be the approximate weight desired when dry. For this experiment, about 500 grams of fine aggregate was weighed. 2. The samples was dried to constant weight in the furnace at a temperature of 1050 C. 3. The samples was cooled down. The desired sieves was nested in order of decreasing aperture size from top to bottom. 4 The sample was placed on the top sieve and the sieves was agitated by mechanical sieve shaker for a sufficient period so that after completion, not more than one percent by weight of the residue on any individual sieve will pass that sieve. We will write a custom essay sample on Sieve Analysis Test Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sieve Analysis Test Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sieve Analysis Test Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Ellectoral College essays

Ellectoral College essays The Electoral College has been used to elect the President since the beginnings of the United States. In the two hundred some odd years of history, there have been instances when the college did not work. There have been many ideas that have floated around about fixing the problem with the electorate. Then again, there are many plusses to using the Electoral College system. In an election, the President is elected not by the popular vote, but by the votes of the electorates. The electorates are representative of each state. There are a number of electorates per state equal to the amount of persons in both the House of Representatives, and the Senate. The District of Columbia also has three votes to cast. One of the major drawbacks to the Electoral College is the fact that it can at times be very undemocratic. If a candidate wins the votes in certain states, and gets all their electoral votes, it is possible to win the Presidency, without getting the most popular vote. In the 1800s, there were three instances where the Electoral College disagreed with the popular vote. On the same note, in 1968, the race would have ended up in congress shy of a few votes for George Wallace. Again in 1976, the electoral vote gave Gerald Ford the victory even though Jimmy Carter one the most popular support. How would you fix this problem, there is no easy answer to this question. One way to solve this is send percentages of electoral votes, or ignore the winner-take all system. For instance, say that in Florida, who has 25 votes, 80 percent of the popular vote supports the democratic nomination, whereas the other 20 percent went for the republican nomination. Then 20 electoral votes would go to the democrat, and 5 would go to the republican. Another way to solve this problem would be to base electoral votes solely on the population, separate the nation into regions with approximately the same population, and give them each votes...

Agency theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Agency theory - Essay Example At this stage, agency theory is superseded by what is called stakeholder theory. The same not having been clearly defined, modern scholars advocate the theory called â€Å"enlightened stakeholder theory† which seeks to remove the shortcomings in the traditional stakeholder theory so that managers who could take shelter under the traditional stakeholder theory and avoid accountability, are now compelled to show performance for value maximisation in the long run. This is sought to be achieved by active participation of agents/managers through proper motivation and communication with a scorecard on hand. Thus the enlightened theory would go a long way in plugging the loopholes in the corporate governance occurring in spite legislations like Cadbury report, Greenbury report in the U.K. and SOX Act in the U.S.A. Corporate Governance is a much-discussed issue of public importance, of late. One aspect of the issue is the corporate ownership and control which this proposal deals with. In the discussion here, the word ‘corporate’ is loosely described as firm, company, corporation etc, which all refer to public-owned companies listed in stock exchanges. Share-holder activism all over the global corporate environment has given rise to the study of corporate ownership and control and their impact on the performance of the corporates. By 1990 Corporate Governance had become a household name in the United States of America when a California based pension fund company â€Å"California Public Employees Retirement System’’ (CalPERS) that had invested members’ funds in the shares of leading companies, pioneered by questioning those listed companies’ practice of buying back shares from the share holders at higher prices which meant draining of companies’ c apital and in turn reduction in value of shares held by them. This was soon followed suit by many contemporary companies representing widely dispersed shareholders around the world

Econometrics Institutions and Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Econometrics Institutions and Growth - Essay Example This paper focuses on the reasons why some countries are wealthier than others, studies such as Daron Acemoglu (2001) focus on colonisation and its effect on institutions. They state that colonisation led to the introduction of institutions which are present today, these institutions are therefore contributed to better economic performance. The role of better institutions in economic performance is supported by North (1973) who states that better institutions would lead to more investment in human capital and this would result into better economic performance will be realised. Besley (1995) studied the relationship between property rights and output and identified that there was strong correlation between the two variables, therefore economic performance will also depends on property rights. In this paper we focus on the role of colonisation and establishment of institutions, we also discuss the effect of property right on GDP and the differences in economic performance and the colonisers of the various countries. A study by Acemoglu (2001) was based on three assumpti... lonisers are present today, these institutions have an effect on income per capita and that colonisers chose areas with low mortality and in areas with high mortality establish extractive institutions. According to the study by Acemoglu (2001) the high mortality rate was as a result of disease such as yellow fever and malaria which was common in the tropic areas, settlers had no immune to these diseases and therefore chose not settle in these areas, settlers settled in the equatorial regions where mortality was relatively low. Therefore we focus on the effect of good institutions and property rights to discuss the differences in the economic performance, according to Douglas North (1973) better institutions and secure poverty rights would lead to more investment in human capital will lead to better economic performance. Besley (1995) also stated that economic performance depends on property rights. It is also evident that the countries considered in previous studies were colonised by a number of countries, a study by Mathew Lange (2006) showed that colonisers had differing effect on post colonial period economic development, his study compared Spain and British colonies that showed that Spain colonies had negative effects on post colonial economic development while British colonies had positive effects on post colonial economic development, some explanation or this effect is associated with the type of institutions left by the colonisers, Landes(1998) stated that a comparison of Spain and British colonies is that British left better institutions. Methodology: The first section of the paper is a description of the sample, the determination the correlation between the various variables under question to determine the nature relationship, measure of central tendencies

Maxis Market Opportunity

Maxis Market Opportunity Maxis communications company, is Malaysias largest mobile service provider, or about forty percent of the Malaysian mobile phone market. The company providing a wide range of innovative mobile, fixed and international network services to their customers. Besides that, Maxis was first telecommunication company who launched the 3G services, such as 3G connect Card, PC Webmail, Video Mail and 3G prepaid. It is founded in year 1993. Maxis Mobile Sdn Bhd , which the founder is Ananda Krishnan who are one of the richest man in Malaysia. In 1999, Maxis create the popular prepaid brand Hotlink, which currently has 10 Million customers. In 2002, Maxis purchased from Timecel, a competitor mobile service provider. Before the purchase, Maxis offered phone numbers beginning with 012, and TimeCell 017. Now, user can choose between the two. In 2007, The company in preparation for expansions into the Indonesian and Indian markets. In 2009, The initial public issue and which constitute 30% of the com pany under the close supervision of the Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak. STRATEGY Maxis believe that its extensive customers based strong hold in the high value segments, high quality network and services, effective distribution, recognize brands equity and resulting strong cash flow generation will allow it to consolidate its position as the market leader. Firstly, Maxis focused on conducting business responsibly in the marketplace .Secondly, nurturing talents and developing their potential in the workplace and contributing towards the communities. Lastly, doing their part to mitigate the impact of Maxis operations on the environment. OBJECTIVE Become the leading provider of convergence solutions for enterprises in Malaysia.   Become leading mobile communication service provider in Malaysia. MISSION Today -Malaysias leading mobile communications service provider. Tomorrow -The nations premier integrated communications service provider. VISION To bring the future to our customers lives and business, in a manner that is simple, personalised and enriching, by efficiently and creatively harnessing leading-edge technology and delivering a brand of service experience that is reliable and enchanting. TARGET MARKET However it is found that most student range from 7-18 are using Digi. While the user range of 19-35 are using Maxis. Maxis company involved in a wide range, suitable for businessmen. Product Maxis provide a variety of products and services in mobile communication flied, such as prepaid  call plans, monthly subscription plans,  global roaming,  MMS,  WAP  (over both  GSM  and  GPRS), Residential Fixed Line services,  Broadband  Internet plans. It was the first to launch 3G services to both prepaid and postpaid subscription customers. Besides that, they offer  VSAT  services (satellite based communications) and  BlackBerry  based mobile services besides regular services. Maxis also provide an online Music store for its customers to use it. Maxis most popular service is its prepaid brand Hotlink and focus on the segment of students, family and friend, working adults and business field. Thus, its branding was set up year by year. So far, Maxis is well-known. Product Life Cycle 2.jpg When a product reaches maturity, sales growth slows and sales volume eventually peaks and stability. This is the stage during which the market as a whole makes the most profit. A companys primary objective at this point is to defend market share while maximize profit. In this stage, prices tend to drop due to increased competition. Maxiss fixed costs are low because it is has well established production and distribution. Since the brand of maxis awareness is strong, marketing expenditure might be reduced, although increased marketing expenditure might be needed to retain market share and fight increasing competition. Expenditure on research and development is likely to be restricted to product modification and improvement, and perhaps research into improved production efficiency and product quality. Promotion The main Maxis promotion is through the promoter to help us push up the Maxiss market share. Those promoters will go into Maxis use the sponsor to let the brand to be more awareness such as: Maxis is official telco sponsor for badminton association of Malaysia. Maxis sponsorship will contribute to Badminton Association of Malaysias development program and create opportunities for new talent to be nurtured and be prepared for competition at the various international badminton circuits. Maxis is pleased to play a part in achieving Badminton Association of Malaysias objectives and goals as well as sustaining success on the court. As a sponsor, Maxis will be supporting Badminton Association of Malaysia in its development program such as running of the training facilities, payment for coaches as well as running costs for the association in participating in various tournaments. Maxis also provide scholarship for the brightest graduate student to pursue their courses in every University in order to promote their company. Maxis also trying to find celebrities to help us increase their brand awareness such as, Datos Lee Chong Wei, Frank Lampard and Lionel Messi. Maxis also focus on planning, they always launch a lot of package for customer, such as Value Plus 50, Value Internet Plus 50. It can increase the awareness of customer, and let the customers to become their users. Besides that, Maxis also use the social media to promote their new product for the youngsters, such as Internet, Radio and Television Advertisement. For the odd, they will give them some handbook which clearly list out the latest product for them. Community event is one of the promotions, such as the Maxis Cyberkids Camp 2010. In this camp, the Maxis featured its broadband products and educational programmes. Distribution Channels In a competitive and complex communications industry, the variety change of technological innovation is no any single one company can survive if it operates alone. And Maxis has known about the need to work with a range of different partners locally and globally to broaden out range of offerings and to enhance our capabilities as the preferred communications solutions provide. According to Maxis website, it has 250 outlets in Malaysia to serve their customer. The main distributions channels of Maxis are ZyXEL communications Corporation (M) Sdn Bhd, ZyXEL will help Maxis to provide a value-added service in order to succeed in broadband market and bring out the outstanding performance solutions at the most competitive price. Advanced Broadband Communications Sdn Bhd, they help Maxis to provide total telecommunication solutions and services for both conventional IP Systems. They also will develop the all IP-based solutions and services are targeted at business and personal users at any levels. Techscience Consultants Services Sdn Bhd, they provide multi dimensional business solution. The Maxis Partner including application providers, content providers and system Integrators. The application providers provide solution, application and tools to customer propositions. The content providers enhance the valuable information to business by providing information anywhere, anytime and on any device. The System Integrators have industry, domain and application specific-expertise backed up to integrate business solutions. They are including DynaFront, OPTEGRA, QuickNet com and so on. The Maxis Alliances including technology partner, device hardware partner and consulting partner. The technology partner provides base functionality and interoperability of software, infrastructure and development tool. The device hardware partner provide the ever changing device and hardware necessary. The consulting partner provides the specialized and consulting service in specific field and specific knowledge. They are including HP, IBM, Microsoft and so on. Price The objective of pricing strategy is based on firm earning and needs of market. Meanwhile, it is also foundation of the pricing strategy. The Maxiss pricing objectives including profitability objective, its purpose is to maximize the profit and target return. The volume objective, its purpose is to maximize quantity and become market share leader. Thus, the psychological pricing strategy is most being used by Maxis. Psychological pricing is designed to appeal to customers who use emotional rather than rational responses to pricing messages. For Example, Maxis sell the mobile phone at RM999, RM1199. It will make customer to believe the price is cheaper and attract them to buy it. Besides that, it allows Maxis to influence customers view a product without the need to actually the product. Maxis is considered as a dominant company, thus, they also use high pricing strategy to sell their product in order to make more profit to the Maxis. Market opportunity of maxis Market opportunity means that newly identified need, want, or demand trend that a firm can exploit because it is not being addressed by the competitors.There are two market opportunity for Maxis in order to increase their company revenue and profit. Now days, Maxis had launch many device promotion and plan to attract and also increase their customers. Such as Maxis company is launching some Apples company product and also some latest android smart phone. Although the product are not manufacturing by them, but they use this opportunity to attract customer because in days right now, smart phone is playing an important role among the people, it helps people a lot in their daily life such as reading mail in everywhere at any time, and also can access to internet for information easily. But the problem is the price for a smart phone is expensive and are not affordable by many people, so Maxis company had launch the package for purchasing the smart phone in a low price and also at the same time their customer can enjoy the internet which are include in the package. So this attract many people who decide to take the package that Maxis offer because it is useless with a smart phone without internet, if a people buy a smart phone, he wil l also need to sign up a internet package but in this case, Maxis had launch a two in one package to convenience their customer. Besides that, Maxis Company is also up to trend. Because they are not just launching Apples product but they are also launching others smart phone such as Blackberry and also Samsungs smart phone. Others than smart phone, Maxis is launching tablet device in different package such as Samsung tab and also Ipad. This will attract many people especially the generation youth and the generation x to purchase and sign up their package. The second market opportunity that Maxis created is the 3G wireless broadband plans. This wireless broadband is actually for laptop or computer to access to internet at home or everywhere because the broadband need not to charge battery before use and also it also can function without putting a switch to the wall to have electric. It just only needs to plug in to the laptop USB drive to work. This wills convenience people who are travelling to other state in Malaysia and also are very suitable for business and personal use. The package is cheap comparing to others company and the coverage of Maxis is Malaysia is very strong. Maxis is also launching the fourth generation mobile phone communication standard which we called it 4G in the year 2013. With the latest technology of 4G, it will be faster to download and also access to internet comparing to 3G. So Maxis also grasp this opportunity in market and they are also starting their Research and development in order to launching the latest 4G in the market to increase their customer, their sales volume, their revenue and also the most important is to compete with their competitors such as Tm Unifi, Digi broadband, P1 Wimax, Celcom Broadband and others company that exist in the Market. Recommendation for maxis First of all, it is recommended that Maxis take immediate measures to launch smartphone plan in its call plan or internet plan. In fact, according to a March 2010 Nielson survey, more than 50 percent of Americans own smartphones. The smartphone offered in market are mainly from two major players which is Googles Android and Apples iPhone.Salodow, K. (2012). Approximately half of all respondents had a smartphone at the time of the ABI survey. Projections for market penetration indicate that by 2015, three-quarters of business  users will be toting smartphones.Barnes, N., Barnes, F. (2012).Besides, Blackberry smartphone also can take into account. The growth of mobile smartphone is pretty amazing. By offering these smartphone in low priced together with Maxis plan package, this would attract a lot more new customer to subscribe to Maxis plan. After they started to use Maxis service, they might find the service is affordable and continue to use Maxis service in a long term. Due to th e interpersonal determinants of consumer behavior, when everyone has a smartphone, this would influence one another to own a smartphone too. If Maxis offer an affordable price for these smartphone together with a package plan, there would be a lot of customer will consider subscribing the package. Well, smartphone will always introducing the new series of its model. The result of that are smartphone model and package plan must be always up to date in order to catch customer attention. The growth of users of Maxis would be huge and this might leads to a profitable outcome. Other than launching smartphone plans, it is also recommended that Maxis should focus on its 3G wireless broadband plans. Internet has fundamentally altered the way the world interacts and communicates. Internet use has grown up not only in total numbers, but also in terms of per capita usage. Maxis also signs up Siemens for 3G expansion.Maxis had invested US$108m on a controlled roll-out of its 3G network following service launch in July.Dennis, W. (2005).This shows that the network coverage of Maxis is improving rapidly. The purpose of doing this is to extend its maxis 3G coverage to more areas in the country. Maxis CEO, Jamaludin Ibrahim says the company will first focus on the states of Johor, Penang and the Klang valley before going nationwide over a period of two to five years, depending on the success rate in the initial key areas. Dennis, W. (2005). With the proper improvement done by Maxis, the 3G service that offered by Maxis would meet customer expectation in the future. Rapid advances in mobile Internet technologies now allow consumers to interact, create, and share content based on physical location. Such ubiquitous access tothe mobile Internet also provides companies with new marketing opportunities. Ghose, A., Sang Pil H. (2011).Therefore, Maxis should offer more different kind of quota package in order to satisfy their customer needs. With a higher internet quota package, it might cost a little bit more. It leads to a better profit. Furthermore, Maxis is looking to launch its 4G service early next year in 2013. This is a good market opportunity for Maxis to attract more customers with this brand new service. Therefore, Maxis should spend a little more on their advertisement in order to promote this upcoming service. The purpose of these advertisement made is not just for promoting the service, but also to explain how 4G works and the benefits of using it. In  telecommunications,  4G  is the fourth generation of  mobile phone  mobile communications  standards. With hold, Maxis has entered into an infrastructure and spectrum sharing agreement which will enable customers to speed up the development of their 4G LTE mobile networks. Once it built, its 4G LTE will be able to deliver the fastest mobile data connectivity not just in Malaysia, but the region with transmission rates up to 150mbps. LTE networks can handle twice the traffic of most 3G  networks, the proliferation of smartphones, tablets, and video-streaming and cloud-computing services will drive up demand for mobile data eighteenfold through 2016, according to Cisco.Burrows, P. (2012).It is an advance service which could meet heavy internet users expectation. It is a successor of the  third generation  (3G) standards. Therefore, the charges will be cost slightly higher than 3G service. Above all mentioned are the recommendation that suits Maxis to increase their profit and also attract more customers. The basic objective of business is to develop, produce and supply goods and services to customers. This has to be done in such a way as to allow companies to make a profit. In conclusion, Maxis must always come out with new ideas and practice it different ways in order to sustained in the market.Only profitable companies are sustainable in the long term and capable of creating goods, services, processes, return on capital, work opportunities and a tax base. Conclusion At last, we know that the Maxis SDN BHD is a very good company by its use the strategic to all the customer. And control their worker to give the customer the best, let the customer satisfied to its company. And the manager monitor their worker to accomplish the mission. Maxis always do the promotion to let the goodwill of maxis is increasing. The product of maxis is always up to date let the customer can change the plan and to change the mobile phone such as iphone 5 and the data plan of maxis. Maxis also manage the distribution channel to meet the customer demand. The Maxiss pricing objectives including profitability objective, its purpose is to maximize the profit and target return. The volume objective, its purpose is to maximize quantity and become market share leader. Thus, the psychological pricing strategy is most being used by Maxis. And we recommendation to maxis, that are our people need and want by now. So if the maxis can do that, we think maxis is the leader of the mobi le communications service provider. References Bibliography MAXIS IS OFFICIAL TELCO SPONSOR FOR BADMINTON ASSOCIATION OF MALAYSIA. (2012, November 5). Retrieved november 13, 2012, from Maxis: http://www.maxis.com.my/mmc/index.asp?fuseaction=press.viewrecID=621 Product Life Cycle model. (2009, january 25). Retrieved november 13, 2012, from tomspencer: http://www.tomspencer.com.au/2009/01/25/product-life-cycle-model/ Vison Value. (2012). Retrieved november 13, 2012, from Maxis: http://www.maxis.com.my/personal/about_us/profile/vision.asp?iStruct=0:0:0 Arumugam, T. (2012, March 04). Marketing plan for maxis. Retrieved November 13, 2012, from slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/TanuArumugam/marketing-plan-for-maxis MANUFACTURING STRATEGY. (2012, February 29). Retrieved November 11, 2012 , from manustrategy: http://manustrategy.blogspot.com/2012/02/maxis-strategy-and-swot-analysis.html Pricing Setting Prices Pricing Objectives. (2012, October 24). Retrieved November 13, 2012, from tutor2u: http://www.tutor2u.net/business/gcse/marketing_pricing_objectives.html Maxis Communications. (2012, November 15). Retrieved November 16, 2012 , from wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxis_Communications Dennis, W. (2005). HYNIX BACK ON TRACK. lEE Review , 1. The iPhone/Android Hits the DR Market. (2012). responsemagazine , 1-6. Smartphone Technologies. (2012). INFORMATIONMANAGEMENT , 1-7. An Empirical Analysis of User Content Generation. (2011). MANAGEMENT SCIENCE , 1-22.

Reserve bank of India Essay

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India’s central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee. It was established on 1 April 1935 during the British Raj in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 Main functions Bank of Issue Under Section 22 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, the Bank has the sole right to issue bank notes of all denominations. The distribution of one rupee notes and coins and small coins all over the country is undertaken by the Reserve Bank as agent of the government. The Reserve Bank has a separate Issue Department which is entrusted with the issue of currency notes. The assets and liabilities of the Issue Department are kept separate from those of the Banking Department. Monetary authority The Reserve Bank of India is the main monetary authority of the country and beside that the central bank acts as the bank of the national and state governments. It formulates, implements and monitors the monetary policy as well as it has to ensure an adequate flow of credit to productive sectors. Regulator and supervisor of the financial system The institution is also the regulator and supervisor of the financial system and prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country’s banking and financial system functions. Its objectives are to maintain public confidence in the system, protect depositors’ interest and provide cost-effective banking services to the public. The Banking Ombudsman Scheme has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for effective addressing of complaints by bank customers. The RBI controls the monetary supply, monitors economic indicators like the gross domestic product and has to decide the design of the rupee banknotes as well as coins. Managerial of exchange control-The central bank manages to reach the goals of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. Objective: to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange  market in India. Issuer of currency- The bank issues and exchanges or destroys currency notes and coins that are not fit for circulation. The objectives are giving the public adequate supply of currency of good quality and to provide loans to commercial banks to maintain or improve the GDP. The basic objectives of RBI are to issue bank notes, to maintain the currency and credit system of the country to utilize it in its best advantage, and to maintain the reserves. RBI maintains the economic structure of the country so that it can achieve the objective of price stability as well as economic development, because both objectives are diverse in themselves. Banker of Banks- RBI also works as a central bank where commercial banks are account holders and can deposit money.RBI maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks.[30] Commercial banks create credit. It is the duty of the RBI to control the credit through the CRR, bank rate and open market operations. As banker’s bank, the RBI facilitates the clearing of cheques between the commercial banks and helps inter-bank transfer of funds. It can grant financial accommodation to schedule banks. It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing emergency advances to the banks. It supervises the functioning of the commercial banks and take action against it if need arises. Developmental role- The central bank has to perform a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives and industries.[8] The RBI faces a lot of inter-sectoral and local inflation-related problems. Some of this problems are results of the dominant part of the public sector. Related functions-The RBI is also a banker to the government and performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments. It also acts as their banker. The National Housing Bank (NHB) was established in 1988 to promote private real estate acquisition. The institution maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks, too. RBI on 7 August 2012 said that Indian banking system is resilient enough to face the stress caused by the drought like situation because of poor monsoon this year.